{ "schema_version": 1, "rooms": [ { "country": "jp", "decade": "1950s", "slug": "jp-1950s", "wage_anchor": "", "income_anchor": "", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "jp-1950s-day-gap", "panel": "day", "label": "Working hours, 1950s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "D", "notes": "The Monthly Labour Survey all-industry total (30+ regular workers) begins in 1970. Scanned yearbook data gives 1955/1965 wages but not hours. Without hours, no hourly wage or affordability anchor can be computed.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1950s-diffusion-gap", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Household durable goods and communications, 1950s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "D", "notes": "The National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure publishes English durable-goods summaries from 1999 onward. Earlier survey waves (including the 1950s) are not in the archive in English.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1950s-fies-workers-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Workers' household monthly income, 1955", "value": "¥29,169", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (workers' households, all cities)", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the FIES long-run tables. 1955: workers' households (two-or-more-person), all cities. The pre-1962 FIES covered cities only — rural and agricultural households are excluded. This is a workers' household average, not a four-person family median.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family", "jp-kakei-1962-seam" ], "amount_minor": 29169, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 1955, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": 29169.0 }, { "id": "jp-1950s-home-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Housing tenure, floor area, and amenities, 1950s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "D", "notes": "The Housing and Land Survey summary results used by this project are extracted from the Japan Statistical Yearbook, which begins English-language housing tables in 1988. The 1950s HLS data is not in the archive.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1950s-table-gap", "panel": "table", "label": "Consumption and food share, 1950s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "D", "notes": "The FIES all-household consumption and food-share series used by this project begins in 1965. The 1955 food basket is not in the archive.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family", "jp-kakei-1962-seam" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1950s-work-buys-gap", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Affordability comparisons, 1950s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "D", "notes": "Without an hourly wage (no hours data) or durable-goods prices in the archive, hours-of-work-to-afford comparisons cannot be computed for the 1950s. The monthly wage figures above are the available wage references.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1950s-yearbook-wage", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average monthly wage, establishments with 30+ workers, 1955", "value": "¥18,300", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (all industries, establishments with 30 or more regular workers)", "source": "jp-jsy", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the Japan Statistical Yearbook historical wage tables. 1955: average monthly cash earnings for all industries, establishments with 30 or more regular workers. Establishment-based payroll data, not household income.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family", "jp-kakei-1962-seam" ], "amount_minor": 18300, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 1955, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": 18300.0 } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "jp", "decade": "1960s", "slug": "jp-1960s", "wage_anchor": "", "income_anchor": "", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "jp-1960s-day-gap", "panel": "day", "label": "Working hours, 1960s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "D", "notes": "The Monthly Labour Survey all-industry total (30+ regular workers) begins in 1970. Scanned yearbook data gives 1965 wages but not hours. Without hours, no hourly wage or affordability anchor can be computed.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1960s-diffusion-gap", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Household durable goods and communications, 1960s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "D", "notes": "The National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure publishes English durable-goods summaries from 1999 onward. Earlier survey waves (including the 1960s) are not in the archive in English.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1960s-fies-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "All-household monthly consumption expenditure, 1965", "value": "¥48,396", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (all two-or-more-person households)", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the FIES long-run tables. 1965: monthly consumption expenditure for all two-or-more-person households, national coverage. This is total household consumption, not a food basket alone.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": 48396, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 1965, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": 48396.0 }, { "id": "jp-1960s-fies-food-share", "panel": "table", "label": "Food share of consumption expenditure, 1965", "value": "38.1%", "unit": "% of consumption expenditure (all two-or-more-person households)", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the FIES long-run tables. 1965: food and non-alcoholic beverages as a share of all consumption expenditure for all two-or-more-person households. Engel's Law in motion: the food share would fall further by 1975.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 38.1 }, { "id": "jp-1960s-fies-workers-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Workers' household monthly income, 1965", "value": "¥65,141", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (workers' households, national)", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the FIES long-run tables. 1965: workers' households (two-or-more-person), national coverage. FIES national coverage began in 1963; 1965 is the first anchor year after the urban-to-national seam. This is a workers' household average, not a four-person family median.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": 65141, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 1965, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": 65141.0 }, { "id": "jp-1960s-home-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Housing tenure, floor area, and amenities, 1960s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "D", "notes": "The Housing and Land Survey summary results used by this project are extracted from the Japan Statistical Yearbook, which begins English-language housing tables in 1988. The 1960s HLS data is not in the archive.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1960s-work-buys-gap", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Affordability comparisons, 1960s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "D", "notes": "Without an hourly wage (no hours data) or durable-goods prices in the archive, hours-of-work-to-afford comparisons cannot be computed for the 1960s. The monthly wage figures above are the available wage references.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1960s-yearbook-wage", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average monthly wage, establishments with 30+ workers, 1965", "value": "¥39,400", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (all industries, establishments with 30 or more regular workers)", "source": "jp-jsy", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the Japan Statistical Yearbook historical wage tables. 1965: average monthly cash earnings for all industries, establishments with 30 or more regular workers. Establishment-based payroll data, not household income.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": 39400, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 1965, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": 39400.0 } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "jp", "decade": "1970s", "slug": "jp-1970s", "wage_anchor": "", "income_anchor": "", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "jp-1970s-diffusion-gap", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Household durable goods and communications, 1970s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "D", "notes": "The National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure publishes English durable-goods summaries from 1999 onward. The 1974 and 1979 survey waves are not in the archive in English.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1970s-fies-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "All-household monthly consumption expenditure, 1975", "value": "¥157,982", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (all two-or-more-person households)", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the FIES long-run tables. 1975: monthly consumption expenditure for all two-or-more-person households, national coverage. This is total household consumption, not a food basket alone.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": 157982, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 1975, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": 157982.0 }, { "id": "jp-1970s-fies-food-share", "panel": "table", "label": "Food share of consumption expenditure, 1975", "value": "32.0%", "unit": "% of consumption expenditure (all two-or-more-person households)", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the FIES long-run tables. 1975: food and non-alcoholic beverages as a share of all consumption expenditure for all two-or-more-person households. Down from 38.1% in 1965 as incomes rose and diet diversified.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 32.0 }, { "id": "jp-1970s-fies-workers-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Workers' household monthly income, 1975", "value": "¥236,152", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (workers' households, national)", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the FIES long-run tables. 1975: workers' households (two-or-more-person), national coverage. This is a workers' household average, not a four-person family median.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": 236152, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 1975, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": 236152.0 }, { "id": "jp-1970s-home-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Housing tenure, floor area, and amenities, 1970s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "D", "notes": "The Housing and Land Survey summary results used by this project are extracted from the Japan Statistical Yearbook, which begins English-language housing tables in 1988. The 1970s HLS data is not in the archive.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1970s-mls-hours", "panel": "day", "label": "Average monthly working hours, establishments with 30+ workers, 1975", "value": "172.0 hours", "unit": "hours per month, all surveyed industries, establishments with 30 or more regular workers", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the Monthly Labour Survey long-term actual data. 1975: average monthly scheduled working hours for all surveyed industries, establishments with 30 or more regular workers. This is a monthly, not weekly, figure — it cannot be used directly as an hourly-wage affordability anchor without a weeks-per-month conversion.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 172.0 }, { "id": "jp-1970s-mls-wage", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average monthly wage, establishments with 30+ workers, 1975", "value": "¥177,213", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (all surveyed industries, establishments with 30 or more regular workers)", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the Monthly Labour Survey long-term actual data. 1975: average monthly total cash earnings for all surveyed industries, establishments with 30 or more regular workers. Includes regular and special pay. Establishment-based payroll data, not household income.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": 177213, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 1975, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": 177213.0 }, { "id": "jp-1970s-work-buys-gap", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Affordability comparisons, 1970s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "D", "notes": "Monthly working hours are available from 1975, but no weekly-hour series or durable-goods prices are in the archive, so an hourly wage and hours-of-work-to-afford comparisons cannot be computed for the 1970s. The monthly wage figure above is the available wage reference.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "jp", "decade": "1980s", "slug": "jp-1980s", "wage_anchor": "", "income_anchor": "", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "jp-1980s-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "Monthly consumption expenditure, all households, 1985", "value": "¥273,114 per month", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (consumption expenditure, all two-or-more-person households)", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FIES long-run time-series (fies-a18-1.xls), 1985, all two-or-more-person households. Annual average of monthly consumption expenditure. Note the population differs from the income fact above (workers' households vs all two-or-more-person households).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": 273114, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 1985, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1980s-diffusion-gap", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Durable-goods diffusion, 1980s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "D", "notes": "The NSFIIE is quinquennial (survey years 1978, 1983, 1988, 1989). The 1984 and 1989 NSFIIE English durable-goods summaries are not in the archive — English HTML summaries are available only from 1999 onward. The ICWP English summaries begin in 2001 (data ~1999–2000). No 1980s household durable-goods diffusion data is transcribed.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1980s-floor-area", "panel": "home", "label": "Floor area per dwelling, 1988", "value": "89.29 m²", "unit": "m² per dwelling (occupied dwellings, nationwide)", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From HLS 1988 via JSY 2016 Table 21-1 (jsy2016-y652101000.xls): 89.29 m² floor space per dwelling (occupied dwellings). Tatami equivalent 30.61 units per dwelling, 9.55 tatami per person. Nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 89.29 }, { "id": "jp-1980s-food-share", "panel": "table", "label": "Food share of consumption expenditure, 1985", "value": "27.0%", "unit": "% of consumption expenditure spent on food", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FIES (fies-a18-1.xls), 1985: food expenditure ¥73,735 ÷ consumption ¥273,114 = 27.0%. All two-or-more-person households. The Engel ratio had fallen from 38.1% (1965) and 32.0% (1975) as incomes rose.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 27.0 }, { "id": "jp-1980s-homeownership", "panel": "home", "label": "Homeownership rate, 1988", "value": "61.3%", "unit": "% of occupied dwellings owner-occupied", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From HLS 1988 via JSY 2016 Table 21-5 (jsy2016-y652105000.xls): 22,948 thousand owned houses ÷ 37,413 thousand occupied dwellings = 61.3% (homeownership ratio, dwellings-based). The 'owner household ratio' (households-based) was 61.1%. HLS surveyed October 1988; nationwide, sampled enumeration districts.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 61.3 }, { "id": "jp-1980s-housing-amenities-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Dwelling facilities (bath, flush toilet, kitchen)", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "D", "notes": "The HLS questionnaire includes 'Situation of facilities' (bath, toilet, kitchen), but this data is not published in the English Japan Statistical Yearbook tables — only aged-person and energy-saving facility tables appear. The HLS e-Stat statistical tables (Japanese interface) or printed reports would be needed. Basic bath/toilet facility prevalence is not transcribed.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1980s-mls-wages", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average monthly cash earnings, all surveyed industries, 1985", "value": "¥317,091 per month", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (total cash earnings, all surveyed industries, establishments with 30+ regular workers)", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From MLS long-term actual data (mls-long-term-actual.csv), year=1985, month=CY, industry=TL (all surveyed industries), size=0 (30+ regular workers), emp_type=0. Calendar-year average of monthly total cash earnings (regular + special pay). This is an establishment/payroll survey of workers, not a household-income figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": 317091, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 1985, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1980s-rooms", "panel": "home", "label": "Rooms per dwelling, 1988", "value": "4.86 rooms", "unit": "rooms per dwelling (occupied dwellings, nationwide)", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From HLS 1988 via JSY 2016 Table 21-1 (jsy2016-y652101000.xls): 4.86 rooms per dwelling (occupied dwellings). Persons per room 0.66. Nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 4.86 }, { "id": "jp-1980s-work-buys-gap", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Affordability comparisons, 1980s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "D", "notes": "No item prices are in the archive for the 1980s, so hours-of-work-to-afford comparisons cannot be computed. The MLS wage (¥317,091/month, 1985) is the available wage reference.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1980s-work-hours", "panel": "day", "label": "Average monthly working hours, 1985", "value": "175.8 hours", "unit": "hours per month, all surveyed industries, establishments with 30+ regular workers", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From MLS long-term actual data (mls-long-term-actual.csv), year=1985, month=CY, industry=TL, size=0, emp_type=0. Calendar-year average of monthly working hours. Includes scheduled and non-scheduled (overtime) hours. Establishments with 30+ regular workers, all surveyed industries.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 175.8 }, { "id": "jp-1980s-workers-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Workers' household monthly income, 1985", "value": "¥444,846 per month", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (actual monthly income, workers' households)", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FIES long-run time-series (fies-a18-2.xls), 1985, column 実収入 (actual monthly income), workers' households. Annual average of monthly figures, current yen. This is the workers'-household income series; a long-run all-household income series was not located in the downloaded FIES tables. Two-or-more-person workers' households, Japan (national from 1963).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": 444846, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 1985, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": null } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "jp", "decade": "1990s", "slug": "jp-1990s", "wage_anchor": "", "income_anchor": "", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "jp-1990s-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "Monthly consumption expenditure, all households, 1995", "value": "¥329,062 per month", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (consumption expenditure, all two-or-more-person households)", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FIES long-run time-series (fies-a18-1.xls), 1995, all two-or-more-person households. Peak of the nominal consumption series; declined to ¥300,903 (2005) and ¥288,326 (2015) — nominal stagnation amid the lost decades. Population differs from the income fact (all households vs workers' households).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family", "jp-deflation-lost-decades" ], "amount_minor": 329062, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 1995, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1990s-fax", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a facsimile machine, 1999", "value": "33.1%", "unit": "% of two-or-more-person households", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NSFIIE 1999 summary, narrative text: facsimile ownership rate 33.1% (337 units per 1,000 households). Faxes had increased 3.5-fold from 1994 — a distinctly Japanese diffusion pattern, as the fax remained common in Japan far longer than in the US/UK. Two-or-more-person households, nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 33.1 }, { "id": "jp-1990s-floor-area", "panel": "home", "label": "Floor area per dwelling, 1993", "value": "91.92 m²", "unit": "m² per dwelling (occupied dwellings, nationwide)", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From HLS 1993 via JSY 2016 Table 21-1 (jsy2016-y652101000.xls): 91.92 m² floor space per dwelling (occupied dwellings). Up from 89.29 m² (1988); the 1998 survey gave 92.43 m². Floor area continued rising even as property prices fell.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 91.92 }, { "id": "jp-1990s-food-share", "panel": "table", "label": "Food share of consumption expenditure, 1995", "value": "23.7%", "unit": "% of consumption expenditure spent on food", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FIES (fies-a18-1.xls), 1995: food ¥77,886 ÷ consumption ¥329,062 = 23.7%. All two-or-more-person households. The Engel ratio continued its long decline (38.1% in 1965 → 27.0% in 1985 → 23.7% in 1995) as affluence rose.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 23.7 }, { "id": "jp-1990s-homeownership", "panel": "home", "label": "Homeownership rate, 1993", "value": "59.8%", "unit": "% of occupied dwellings owner-occupied", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From HLS 1993 via JSY 2016 Table 21-5 (jsy2016-y652105000.xls): 24,376 thousand owned ÷ 40,773 thousand occupied dwellings = 59.8% (homeownership ratio). The 1998 survey gave 60.3%. Homeownership held near 60% through the decade despite the post-bubble property-price collapse; it would not return above 61% until 2003. 1993 is the HLS year closest to the 1995 income anchor.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 59.8 }, { "id": "jp-1990s-housing-amenities-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Dwelling facilities (bath, flush toilet, kitchen)", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "D", "notes": "The HLS 'Situation of facilities' (bath, toilet, kitchen) data is not published in the English JSY tables — only aged-person and energy-saving facility tables appear. Basic facility prevalence for the 1990s is not transcribed; needs e-Stat (Japanese) or printed HLS reports.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1990s-mls-wages", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average monthly cash earnings, all surveyed industries, 1995", "value": "¥408,864 per month", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (total cash earnings, all surveyed industries, establishments with 30+ regular workers)", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From MLS long-term actual data (mls-long-term-actual.csv), year=1995, month=CY, industry=TL, size=0, emp_type=0. Calendar-year average of monthly total cash earnings. Peak of the MLS nominal series; declined to ¥381,807 (2005) and ¥361,684 (2015) as the lost decades wore on. Establishment/payroll survey, not household income.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family", "jp-deflation-lost-decades" ], "amount_minor": 408864, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 1995, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1990s-mobile-phone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a mobile phone, 1999", "value": "64.9%", "unit": "% of two-or-more-person households", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NSFIIE 1999 summary, narrative text: mobile phones (including PHS) ownership rate 64.9% (1,061 units per 1,000 households — many households owned multiple). Mobile subscriptions had surged from 2.1M (1993) to 51.1M (1999) per ICWP. Two-or-more-person households, nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 64.9 }, { "id": "jp-1990s-pc", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a personal computer, 1999", "value": "37.7%", "unit": "% of two-or-more-person households", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NSFIIE 1999 summary (https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/zensho/1999/1.html), narrative text: PC ownership rate 37.7% (485 units per 1,000 households). PCs had increased 2.6-fold from 1994. The 1994 NSFIIE English summary is not in the archive; 1999 is the earliest available English-language NSFIIE durable-goods data. Two-or-more-person households, nationwide, as of end of October.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 37.7 }, { "id": "jp-1990s-rooms", "panel": "home", "label": "Rooms per dwelling, 1993", "value": "4.85 rooms", "unit": "rooms per dwelling (occupied dwellings, nationwide)", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From HLS 1993 via JSY 2016 Table 21-1 (jsy2016-y652101000.xls): 4.85 rooms per dwelling. The 1998 survey gave 4.79. Persons per room 0.62 (down from 0.66 in 1988) as household size fell. Nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 4.85 }, { "id": "jp-1990s-word-processor", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a word processor, 1999", "value": "44.8%", "unit": "% of two-or-more-person households", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NSFIIE 1999 summary, narrative text: word processor ownership rate 44.8% (508 units per 1,000 households). The standalone word processor (ワープロ) was a Japanese-market category that peaked in this era before being displaced by the PC. Two-or-more-person households, nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 44.8 }, { "id": "jp-1990s-work-buys-gap", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Affordability comparisons, 1990s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "D", "notes": "No item prices are in the archive for the 1990s, so hours-of-work-to-afford comparisons cannot be computed. The MLS wage (¥408,864/month, 1995) is the available wage reference. Under deflation, nominal values stagnated while real values rose — the affordability axis (hours-to-afford) would be the more reliable comparator.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-1990s-work-hours", "panel": "day", "label": "Average monthly working hours, 1995", "value": "159.1 hours", "unit": "hours per month, all surveyed industries, establishments with 30+ regular workers", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From MLS long-term actual data (mls-long-term-actual.csv), year=1995, month=CY, industry=TL, size=0, emp_type=0. Calendar-year average of monthly working hours. Down sharply from 175.8 (1985) — the 1992 reduction of the statutory working week (to 40 hours) and collective-bargaining cuts drove hours down through the decade. Establishments with 30+ regular workers, all surveyed industries.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 159.1 }, { "id": "jp-1990s-workers-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Workers' household monthly income, 1995", "value": "¥570,817 per month", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (actual monthly income, workers' households)", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FIES long-run time-series (fies-a18-2.xls), 1995, column 実収入, workers' households. This is the peak of the workers'-household income series — nominal income would decline to ¥522,629 by 2005 and stagnate through 2015 (¥525,955), the lost-decades effect. Two-or-more-person workers' households, Japan.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family", "jp-deflation-lost-decades" ], "amount_minor": 570817, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 1995, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": null } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "jp", "decade": "2000s", "slug": "jp-2000s", "wage_anchor": "", "income_anchor": "", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "jp-2000s-car", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a car, 2004", "value": "86.2%", "unit": "% of two-or-more-person households", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NSFIIE 2004 summary: car ownership rate 86.2% (1,446 units per 1,000 households). Up from 84.9% (1999, per the 2004 text's comparison figures). Of these, 1,392 were domestic cars and 54 imported. Two-or-more-person households, nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 86.2 }, { "id": "jp-2000s-color-tv", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a colour television, 2004", "value": "97.3%", "unit": "% of two-or-more-person households", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NSFIIE 2004 summary (https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/zensho/2004/taikyu/gaiyo1.html): colour TV ownership rate 97.3% (2,140 units per 1,000 households). From 2004, plasma/LCD TV sets were assigned a separate category from CRT colour TVs — this figure is CRT/Braun-tube colour TVs only. Two-or-more-person households, nationwide, as of end of October.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 97.3 }, { "id": "jp-2000s-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "Monthly consumption expenditure, all households, 2005", "value": "¥300,903 per month", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (consumption expenditure, all two-or-more-person households)", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FIES long-run time-series (fies-a18-1.xls), 2005, all two-or-more-person households. Nominal consumption declined 8.6% from the 1995 peak (¥329,062) — deflation reduced both nominal income and nominal spending. Continued decline to ¥288,326 (2015). Population differs from the income fact (all households vs workers' households).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family", "jp-deflation-lost-decades" ], "amount_minor": 300903, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 2005, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-2000s-floor-area", "panel": "home", "label": "Floor area per dwelling, 2003", "value": "94.85 m²", "unit": "m² per dwelling (occupied dwellings, nationwide)", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From HLS 2003 via JSY 2016 Table 21-1 (jsy2016-y652101000.xls): 94.85 m² floor space per dwelling (occupied dwellings). Up from 91.92 m² (1993); the 2008 survey gave 94.13 m² (a slight decline). Floor area peaked around 2003–2008. Owned houses averaged 121.67 m² vs rented 51.56 m² (JSY 2016 Table 21-8).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 94.85 }, { "id": "jp-2000s-food-share", "panel": "table", "label": "Food share of consumption expenditure, 2005", "value": "22.9%", "unit": "% of consumption expenditure spent on food", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FIES (fies-a18-1.xls), 2005: food ¥68,910 ÷ consumption ¥300,903 = 22.9%. All two-or-more-person households. The Engel ratio reached its low point here (23.7% in 1995 → 22.9% in 2005) before rising to 25.0% in 2015 as nominal consumption fell faster than food spending.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 22.9 }, { "id": "jp-2000s-homeownership", "panel": "home", "label": "Homeownership rate, 2003", "value": "61.2%", "unit": "% of occupied dwellings owner-occupied", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From HLS 2003 via JSY 2016 Table 21-5 (jsy2016-y652105000.xls): 28,666 thousand owned ÷ 46,863 thousand occupied dwellings = 61.2% (homeownership ratio). The 2008 survey gave 61.1%. Homeownership recovered above 61% after dipping near 60% in the 1990s and held steady through the decade. 2003 is the HLS year closest to the 2005 income anchor.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 61.2 }, { "id": "jp-2000s-housing-amenities-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Dwelling facilities (bath, flush toilet, kitchen)", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "D", "notes": "The HLS 'Situation of facilities' (bath, toilet, kitchen) data is not published in the English JSY tables — only aged-person and energy-saving facility tables appear. Basic facility prevalence for the 2000s is not transcribed; needs e-Stat (Japanese) or printed HLS reports.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-2000s-microwave", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a microwave oven, 2004", "value": "97.4%", "unit": "% of two-or-more-person households", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NSFIIE 2004 summary: microwave oven ownership rate 97.4%. Near-universal in two-or-more-person households. Two-or-more-person households, nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 97.4 }, { "id": "jp-2000s-mls-wages", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average monthly cash earnings, all surveyed industries, 2005", "value": "¥381,807 per month", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (total cash earnings, all surveyed industries, establishments with 30+ regular workers)", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From MLS long-term actual data (mls-long-term-actual.csv), year=2005, month=CY, industry=TL, size=0, emp_type=0. Calendar-year average of monthly total cash earnings. Down 6.6% from the 1995 peak (¥408,864); continued decline to ¥361,684 (2015). Establishment/payroll survey, not household income.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family", "jp-deflation-lost-decades" ], "amount_minor": 381807, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 2005, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-2000s-mobile-phone-icwp", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a mobile phone (ICWP, end 2004)", "value": "91.1%", "unit": "% of households (Communications Usage Trend Survey)", "source": "jp-icwp", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ICWP 2005 white paper, Chapter 2, Section 7 (Figure 2-7-1, 'Digitization of homes'), data end of 2004: mobile phone household penetration 91.1%. Source: 2004 Communications Usage Trend Survey, MIC. This is a household penetration rate from a communications survey; the NSFIIE 2004 durable-goods rate was 84.7%.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 91.1 }, { "id": "jp-2000s-mobile-phone-nsfiie", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a mobile phone (NSFIIE 2004)", "value": "84.7%", "unit": "% of two-or-more-person households", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NSFIIE 2004 summary: cellular phone ownership rate 84.7% (1,823 units per 1,000 households). Up from 64.9% (1999). The ICWP 2005 (end 2004) household penetration rate for mobile phones was 91.1% — the difference reflects the two surveys' methodologies (NSFIIE durable-goods questionnaire vs Communications Usage Trend Survey). Two-or-more-person households, nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 84.7 }, { "id": "jp-2000s-pc-icwp", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a personal computer (ICWP, end 2004)", "value": "77.5%", "unit": "% of households (Communications Usage Trend Survey)", "source": "jp-icwp", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ICWP 2005 white paper, Chapter 2, Section 7 (Figure 2-7-1), data end of 2004: PC household penetration 77.5%. Source: 2004 Communications Usage Trend Survey, MIC. Higher than the NSFIIE 2004 rate (69.3%) due to survey-method differences.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 77.5 }, { "id": "jp-2000s-pc-nsfiie", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a personal computer (NSFIIE 2004)", "value": "69.3%", "unit": "% of two-or-more-person households", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NSFIIE 2004 summary: PC ownership rate 69.3% (999 units per 1,000 households). Up 106.0% from 1999 (37.7%). The ICWP 2005 (end 2004) household penetration for PCs was 77.5%. Two-or-more-person households, nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 69.3 }, { "id": "jp-2000s-refrigerator", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a refrigerator, 2004", "value": "99.0%", "unit": "% of two-or-more-person households", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NSFIIE 2004 summary: refrigerator ownership rate 99.0%. Near-universal in two-or-more-person households. Two-or-more-person households, nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 99.0 }, { "id": "jp-2000s-rooms", "panel": "home", "label": "Rooms per dwelling, 2003", "value": "4.77 rooms", "unit": "rooms per dwelling (occupied dwellings, nationwide)", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From HLS 2003 via JSY 2016 Table 21-1 (jsy2016-y652101000.xls): 4.77 rooms per dwelling. Down from 4.85 (1993); the 2008 survey gave 4.67. Persons per room 0.56 (down from 0.62 in 1993) as household size continued to fall. Nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 4.77 }, { "id": "jp-2000s-washing-machine", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a washing machine, 2004", "value": "99.2%", "unit": "% of two-or-more-person households", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NSFIIE 2004 summary: washing machine ownership rate 99.2%. Near-universal in two-or-more-person households. Two-or-more-person households, nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 99.2 }, { "id": "jp-2000s-work-buys-gap", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Affordability comparisons, 2000s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "D", "notes": "No item prices are in the archive for the 2000s, so hours-of-work-to-afford comparisons cannot be computed. The MLS wage (¥381,807/month, 2005) is the available wage reference. Under deflation, the affordability axis (hours-to-afford) would be the more reliable comparator than nominal-value ratios.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-2000s-work-hours", "panel": "day", "label": "Average monthly working hours, 2005", "value": "152.5 hours", "unit": "hours per month, all surveyed industries, establishments with 30+ regular workers", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From MLS long-term actual data (mls-long-term-actual.csv), year=2005, month=CY, industry=TL, size=0, emp_type=0. Calendar-year average of monthly working hours. Continued decline from 159.1 (1995) and 175.8 (1985). Establishments with 30+ regular workers, all surveyed industries.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 152.5 }, { "id": "jp-2000s-workers-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Workers' household monthly income, 2005", "value": "¥522,629 per month", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (actual monthly income, workers' households)", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FIES long-run time-series (fies-a18-2.xls), 2005, column 実収入, workers' households. Nominal income declined 8.4% from the 1995 peak (¥570,817) — the lost-decades contraction. It would stagnate near this level through 2015 (¥525,955). Two-or-more-person workers' households, Japan.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family", "jp-deflation-lost-decades" ], "amount_minor": 522629, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 2005, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": null } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "jp", "decade": "2010s", "slug": "jp-2010s", "wage_anchor": "", "income_anchor": "", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "jp-2010s-broadband", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with ultra-high-speed broadband availability, end 2014", "value": "99.9%", "unit": "% of households with ultra-high-speed broadband availability", "source": "jp-icwp", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ICWP 2015 white paper, Chapter 7 (Figure 7-2-2-2), data end of FY 2014: ultra-high-speed broadband (FTTH, cable TV Internet, FWA, BWA, or LTE, ≥30 Mbps download) available to 99.9% of households (55.53 million). All-types broadband availability was 100% (55.57 million). Fixed-line broadband subscriptions 36.80 million. Source: 2014 Communications Usage Trend Survey, MIC.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 99.9 }, { "id": "jp-2010s-car-nsfiie", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a car, 2009", "value": "85.5%", "unit": "% of two-or-more-person households", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NSFIIE 2009 summary: car ownership rate 85.5% (1,414 units per 1,000 households). Slightly down from 86.2% (2004). Hybrid/electric cars were a new 2009 survey item (19 units per 1,000 households). 2009 is the closest available NSFIIE survey. Two-or-more-person households, nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 85.5 }, { "id": "jp-2010s-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "Monthly consumption expenditure, all households, 2015", "value": "¥288,326 per month", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (consumption expenditure, all two-or-more-person households)", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FIES long-run time-series (fies-a18-1.xls), 2015, all two-or-more-person households. Continued decline from ¥300,903 (2005) — down 12.4% from the 1995 peak (¥329,062). Nominal consumption fell as deflation persisted. Population differs from the income fact (all households vs workers' households).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family", "jp-deflation-lost-decades" ], "amount_minor": 288326, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 2015, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-2010s-flat-tv", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a flat-screen television, 2009", "value": "61.9%", "unit": "% of two-or-more-person households", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NSFIIE 2009 summary (https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/zensho/2009/pdf/results4.pdf): flat-screen TV ownership rate 61.9% (865 units per 1,000 households). A new survey item in 2009; up 652.2% from 2004. The CRT/Braun-tube TV rate was 74.9% (down from 97.3% in 2004) as households replaced CRTs. 2009 is the closest available NSFIIE survey — the 2014 and 2019 surveys do not publish English durable-goods summaries. Two-or-more-person households, nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 61.9 }, { "id": "jp-2010s-floor-area", "panel": "home", "label": "Floor area per dwelling, 2013", "value": "94.42 m²", "unit": "m² per dwelling (occupied dwellings, nationwide)", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From HLS 2013 via JSY 2016 Table 21-1 (jsy2016-y652101000.xls): 94.42 m² floor space per dwelling (occupied dwellings). Near the 2003 peak (94.85 m²); the 2018 survey (JSY 2026 Table 21-1) gave 93.04 m², beginning a decline as the population shrank. Owned houses averaged 120.93 m² vs rented 51.91 m².", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 94.42 }, { "id": "jp-2010s-food-share", "panel": "table", "label": "Food share of consumption expenditure, 2015", "value": "25.0%", "unit": "% of consumption expenditure spent on food", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FIES (fies-a18-1.xls), 2015: food ¥72,114 ÷ consumption ¥288,326 = 25.0%. All two-or-more-person households. The Engel ratio reversed its long decline — rising from 22.9% (2005) to 25.0% (2015) as nominal consumption expenditure fell faster than food spending. Still well below the 1965 level (38.1%).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 25.0 }, { "id": "jp-2010s-homeownership", "panel": "home", "label": "Homeownership rate, 2013", "value": "61.7%", "unit": "% of occupied dwellings owner-occupied", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From HLS 2013 via JSY 2016 Table 21-5 (jsy2016-y652105000.xls): 32,166 thousand owned ÷ 52,102 thousand occupied dwellings = 61.7% (homeownership ratio). The 2018 survey (JSY 2026 Table 21-5) gave 61.2%. Homeownership held near 61% across the decade. 2013 is the HLS year closest to the 2015 income anchor.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 61.7 }, { "id": "jp-2010s-housing-amenities-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Dwelling facilities (bath, flush toilet, kitchen)", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "D", "notes": "The HLS 'Situation of facilities' (bath, toilet, kitchen) data is not published in the English JSY tables — only aged-person and energy-saving facility tables appear. Basic facility prevalence for the 2010s is not transcribed; needs e-Stat (Japanese) or printed HLS reports.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-2010s-mls-wages", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average monthly cash earnings, all surveyed industries, 2015", "value": "¥361,684 per month", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (total cash earnings, all surveyed industries, establishments with 30+ regular workers)", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From MLS long-term actual data (mls-long-term-actual.csv), year=2015, month=CY, industry=TL, size=0, emp_type=0. Calendar-year average of monthly total cash earnings. Continued decline from ¥381,807 (2005) — down 11.5% from the 1995 peak (¥408,864). Establishment/payroll survey, not household income.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family", "jp-deflation-lost-decades" ], "amount_minor": 361684, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 2015, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-2010s-mobile-phone-icwp", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a mobile phone, end 2014", "value": "94.6%", "unit": "% of households (Communications Usage Trend Survey)", "source": "jp-icwp", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ICWP 2015 white paper, Chapter 7, Section 1 (Figure 7-2-1-1), data end of 2014: mobile phones and PHS handsets household penetration 94.6%. Source: 2014 Communications Usage Trend Survey, MIC.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 94.6 }, { "id": "jp-2010s-mobile-phone-nsfiie", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a mobile phone (NSFIIE 2009)", "value": "92.7%", "unit": "% of two-or-more-person households", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NSFIIE 2009 summary: cellular phone ownership rate 92.7% (2,131 units per 1,000 households). Up from 84.7% (2004). The ICWP 2015 (end 2014) household penetration was 94.6%, of which smartphones were 64.2%. 2009 is the closest available NSFIIE survey. Two-or-more-person households, nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 92.7 }, { "id": "jp-2010s-nsfiie-gap", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Durable-goods diffusion, NSFIIE 2014 and 2019 surveys", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "D", "notes": "The 2014 NSFIIE and the 2019 survey (renamed to National Survey of Family Income, Consumption and Wealth) do not publish English durable-goods summaries — the English pages link only to e-Stat statistical tables (Japanese interface). The NSFIIE 2009 figures shown above are the closest available English-language durable-goods data; the ICWP 2015 household penetration rates (mobile, smartphone, PC, broadband) fill part of the gap for the 2010s.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-2010s-pc-icwp", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a personal computer, end 2014", "value": "78.0%", "unit": "% of households (Communications Usage Trend Survey)", "source": "jp-icwp", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ICWP 2015 white paper, Chapter 7, Section 1 (Figure 7-2-1-1), data end of 2014: computer household penetration 78.0%. Essentially unchanged from 2004 (77.5%) — PC penetration plateaued as smartphones displaced secondary PCs. Source: 2014 Communications Usage Trend Survey, MIC.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 78.0 }, { "id": "jp-2010s-pc-nsfiie", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a personal computer (NSFIIE 2009)", "value": "75.9%", "unit": "% of two-or-more-person households", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NSFIIE 2009 summary: PC ownership rate 75.9% (1,157 units per 1,000 households). Up 15.8% from 2004 (69.3%). The ICWP 2015 (end 2014) household penetration was 78.0%. 2009 is the closest available NSFIIE survey. Two-or-more-person households, nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 75.9 }, { "id": "jp-2010s-refrigerator", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a refrigerator, 2009", "value": "98.7%", "unit": "% of two-or-more-person households", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NSFIIE 2009 summary: refrigerator ownership rate 98.7%. Near-universal in two-or-more-person households (down marginally from 99.0% in 2004). 2009 is the closest available NSFIIE survey. Two-or-more-person households, nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 98.7 }, { "id": "jp-2010s-rooms", "panel": "home", "label": "Rooms per dwelling, 2013", "value": "4.59 rooms", "unit": "rooms per dwelling (occupied dwellings, nationwide)", "source": "jp-hls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From HLS 2013 via JSY 2016 Table 21-1 (jsy2016-y652101000.xls): 4.59 rooms per dwelling. Rooms declined steadily — 4.77 (2003) → 4.67 (2008) → 4.59 (2013) → 4.42 (2018) — as household size fell (persons per room 0.53 in 2013, down from 0.56 in 2003). Smaller households occupied fewer rooms despite stable floor area. Nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 4.59 }, { "id": "jp-2010s-smartphone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a smartphone, end 2014", "value": "64.2%", "unit": "% of households (Communications Usage Trend Survey)", "source": "jp-icwp", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ICWP 2015 white paper, Chapter 7, Section 1 (Figure 7-2-1-1), data end of 2014: smartphone household penetration 64.2% (up 1.6 percentage points from the previous year). Smartphones are included within the 94.6% mobile/PHS figure. Source: 2014 Communications Usage Trend Survey, MIC.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 64.2 }, { "id": "jp-2010s-washing-machine", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a washing machine, 2009", "value": "99.5%", "unit": "% of two-or-more-person households", "source": "jp-nsfiie", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NSFIIE 2009 summary: washing machine ownership rate 99.5%. Near-universal in two-or-more-person households (up from 99.2% in 2004). 2009 is the closest available NSFIIE survey. Two-or-more-person households, nationwide.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 99.5 }, { "id": "jp-2010s-work-buys-gap", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Affordability comparisons, 2010s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "D", "notes": "No item prices are in the archive for the 2010s, so hours-of-work-to-afford comparisons cannot be computed. The MLS wage (¥361,684/month, 2015) is the available wage reference. Under deflation, the affordability axis (hours-to-afford) would be the more reliable comparator than nominal-value ratios.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "jp-2010s-work-hours", "panel": "day", "label": "Average monthly working hours, 2015", "value": "148.7 hours", "unit": "hours per month, all surveyed industries, establishments with 30+ regular workers", "source": "jp-mls", "tier": "A", "notes": "From MLS long-term actual data (mls-long-term-actual.csv), year=2015, month=CY, industry=TL, size=0, emp_type=0. Calendar-year average of monthly working hours. Continued decline from 152.5 (2005) — down 15.4% from the 1985 level (175.8). Establishments with 30+ regular workers, all surveyed industries.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "jp-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 148.7 }, { "id": "jp-2010s-workers-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Workers' household monthly income, 2015", "value": "¥525,955 per month", "unit": "JPY per month, nominal (actual monthly income, workers' households)", "source": "jp-fies", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FIES long-run time-series (fies-a18-2.xls), 2015, column 実収入, workers' households. Essentially flat versus 2005 (¥522,629) — nominal income stagnated for a decade, still 8% below the 1995 peak (¥570,817). Real (CPI-adjusted) income rose as prices fell. Two-or-more-person workers' households, Japan.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "jp-household-not-family", "jp-deflation-lost-decades" ], "amount_minor": 525955, "currency": "JPY", "price_year": 2015, "basis": "monthly", "quantity": null } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "uk", "decade": "1950s", "slug": "uk-1950s", "wage_anchor": "", "income_anchor": "", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "uk-1950s-food-basket-gap", "panel": "table", "label": "The food basket, 1950s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "D", "notes": "The National Food Survey (NFS) ran continuously 1940–2000, but the 1950s NFS data is not in the archive. (Archive holds NFS 1940–49 working-class-diet reports and 2023–24 Family Food, but not the 1950s.) Rationing did not fully end until 1954 (meat), so any 1950s basket would also need to reflect the early-decade rationed regime.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-1950s-household-income-gap", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median household income, 1950s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-earnings-1938-2025", "tier": "D", "notes": "No household-income series in the archive reaches the 1950s. The ONS effects-of-taxes-and-benefits series, which supplies the income anchor from the 1970s room onward, begins in 1977; the Family Expenditure Survey began collecting household income in 1957 but is not in the archive. The manual-earnings figure above is an individual wage, not a household-income median.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-1950s-housing-amenities-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Rooms, floor area, amenities (bath, WC, central heating)", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "D", "notes": "The 1951 Census of England and Wales asked about piped water, water closet, and fixed bath, but those amenity tables are not in the archive. The GHS (which recorded central heating and appliances) did not begin until 1971. Postwar housing remained austere: many homes still lacked an inside bath or WC.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-1950s-television", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Television receiving licences, 1955", "value": "4,503,766 licences (1955)", "unit": "television receiving licences at 31 March (≈ TV-owning households)", "source": "terramedia-tv-licences", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BBC / TV Licensing receiving-licence counts. Television spread rapidly after the BBC service resumed in June 1946: from 343,882 licences (1950) to 4,503,766 (1955), roughly a thirteenfold rise. ITV launched in September 1955, accelerating take-up. One licence was required per household with a set, so the count approximates TV-owning households (slight evasion undercount). Radio had been near-universal since the late 1930s. This licence count is not directly comparable to the post-1972 GHS household-percentage series.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-1950s-tenure", "panel": "home", "label": "Tenure of households, England and Wales, 1953", "value": "Owned 32%, private rented 58%, socially rented 10%", "unit": "% of households", "source": "ons-century-homeownership", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ONS analysis of Census of England and Wales tenure. 1953: only a third of households owned their home (32%); the majority rented privately (58%, down from 76% in 1918). The social-rented sector (council housing) was expanding from a small base (10%) and would grow rapidly through the postwar building programmes. Households, not families.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 32.0 }, { "id": "uk-1950s-weekly-earnings", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average gross weekly earnings, adult male manual workers, 1955", "value": "£10.87", "unit": "GBP per week, nominal (mean gross weekly earnings, male manual, full-time)", "source": "ons-earnings-1938-2025", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the ONS long-run earnings series. 1955 (April sample, pre-NES / Dept of Employment Labour Statistics): adult male manual workers £10.87/week; adult female manual workers £5.63/week. Great Britain. Pre-1970 the series reports manual and non-manual workers separately, not a combined all-employee figure. Individual earnings, not family income. Postwar austerity gave way to rising real wages through the decade.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "manufacturing-wage-proxy" ], "amount_minor": 1087, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 1955, "basis": "weekly", "quantity": 10.87 }, { "id": "uk-1950s-work-buys-gap", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Affordability comparisons, 1950s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-earnings-1938-2025", "tier": "D", "notes": "None of the three ingredients reaches this decade: no hours (the Year Books in the archive begin in 1965), no household income (the ONS series begins in 1977), and no official house price (the ONS series begins in 1986). The weekly manual-earnings figure (£10.87 male manual, 1955) is the available wage reference. This is the one UK room where the affordability axis is empty for want of every input rather than one.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-1950s-work-hours-gap", "panel": "day", "label": "Weekly work hours, 1950s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-earnings-1938-2025", "tier": "D", "notes": "The Department of Employment's twice-yearly earnings enquiry did record hours, but the Year Book volumes in the archive reach back only to 1965, and the 1950s figures are not in them. The decade saw the consolidation of the postwar settlement on shorter hours and paid holidays through collective bargaining. Without hours, weekly earnings cannot be converted to an hourly wage, so no wage anchor is set.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "uk", "decade": "1960s", "slug": "uk-1960s", "wage_anchor": "", "income_anchor": "", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "uk-1960s-food-basket-gap", "panel": "table", "label": "The food basket, 1960s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "D", "notes": "The National Food Survey (NFS) ran continuously 1940–2000, but the 1960s NFS data is not in the archive. (Archive holds NFS 1940–49 and 2023–24, but not the 1960s.)", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-1960s-household-income-gap", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median household income, 1960s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-earnings-1938-2025", "tier": "D", "notes": "No median household-income series is transcribed for the 1960s. The FES collected household income through the decade but is not in the archive. The manual-earnings figure above is the available wage anchor, not a household-income median.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-1960s-housing-amenities-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Rooms, floor area, amenities (bath, WC, central heating)", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "D", "notes": "The 1961 Census asked about piped water, WC, fixed bath, and piped hot water, but those amenity tables are not in the archive. The GHS (central heating, appliances) did not begin until 1971. Slum clearance and new council estates were rapidly extending inside bathrooms and hot water through the decade.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-1960s-television", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Television receiving licences, 1965", "value": "13,253,045 licences (1965)", "unit": "television receiving licences at 31 March (≈ TV-owning households)", "source": "terramedia-tv-licences", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BBC / TV Licensing receiving-licence counts. Television reached near-universality through the 1960s: 10,469,753 licences (1960) → 13,253,045 (1965), covering the great majority of households. BBC2 and colour television began in 1968. One licence was required per household with a set, so the count approximates TV-owning households (slight evasion undercount). This licence count is not directly comparable to the post-1972 GHS household-percentage series.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-1960s-tenure", "panel": "home", "label": "Tenure of households, England and Wales, 1961", "value": "Owned 43%, private rented 34%, socially rented 23%", "unit": "% of households", "source": "ons-century-homeownership", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ONS analysis of Census of England and Wales tenure. 1961: owner-occupation had risen to 43% (from 32% in 1953) as mortgage access widened; private renting continued its long decline (34%). The social-rented sector more than doubled over the decade (10% → 23%) on the postwar council-house building drive. Households, not families.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 43.0 }, { "id": "uk-1960s-weekly-earnings", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average gross weekly earnings, adult male manual workers, 1965", "value": "£18.91", "unit": "GBP per week, nominal (mean gross weekly earnings, male manual, full-time)", "source": "ons-earnings-1938-2025", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the ONS long-run earnings series. 1965 (April sample, pre-NES): adult male manual workers £18.91/week; adult female manual workers £9.21/week. Great Britain. Pre-1970 the series reports manual and non-manual workers separately, not a combined all-employee figure. Individual earnings, not family income.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "manufacturing-wage-proxy" ], "amount_minor": 1891, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 1965, "basis": "weekly", "quantity": 18.91 }, { "id": "uk-1960s-work-buys-gap", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Affordability comparisons, 1960s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "dep-labour-year-book-1969", "tier": "D", "notes": "Hours are now recorded for this decade (47.5 a week, April 1965) but neither of the other two ingredients is. The hourly earnings printed beside them are in shillings and pence, which cannot be held in whole decimal pence without inventing precision; and no UK household-income series in the archive begins before 1977, nor any official house-price series before 1986. The weekly manual-earnings figure (£18.91, 1965) remains the available wage reference.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-1960s-work-hours", "panel": "day", "label": "Average weekly hours worked, full-time manual men aged 21 and over, April 1965", "value": "47.5 hours", "unit": "average weekly hours worked, all industries covered (men aged 21 and over, manual, full-time)", "source": "dep-labour-year-book-1969", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the Department of Employment's twice-yearly earnings enquiry as republished in the Year Book, all industries covered, April 1965. Hours fell steadily through the decade — 47.5 in April 1965, 46.4 in April 1966, 46.1 in 1967, 46.2 in 1968, 46.4 in 1969 — as the basic week shortened faster than overtime grew. The same table's weekly earnings for this column and month read £18 18s 2d, and the ONS long-run series reports £18.91 for the same population and month; the two agree, which is how this transcription from a scanned volume was checked.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 47.5 } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "uk", "decade": "1970s", "slug": "uk-1970s", "wage_anchor": "", "income_anchor": "uk-1970s-household-income", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "uk-1970s-car", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a car or van, 1972", "value": "52%", "unit": "% of households with a car or van", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). Car ownership crossed half of households around 1970 — far behind the US (which passed 60% of families by 1929) but rising fast (56% by 1978). UK ownership was held back until the 1970s by lower incomes and denser cities; the majority of car-owning households had one car.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 52.0 }, { "id": "uk-1970s-colour-tv", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a colour television, 1978", "value": "61%", "unit": "% of households with a colour television", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). Colour television began in 1968 (BBC2); by 1978, 61% of households had a colour set. Total TV ownership (black-and-white plus colour) was near-universal by the late 1960s, so this colour figure understates TV access. The GHS did not record colour TV before 1978.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 61.0 }, { "id": "uk-1970s-food-basket-gap", "panel": "table", "label": "The food basket, 1970s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "D", "notes": "The National Food Survey (NFS) ran continuously 1940–2000 and recorded household food consumption and expenditure; the 1970s NFS data is not in the archive. (The archive holds NFS 1940–49 working-class-diet reports and 2023–24 Family Food data, but not the 1970s.)", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-1970s-hourly-earnings", "panel": "day", "label": "Average hourly earnings, full-time men aged 21 and over, April 1976", "value": "166.6p an hour, excluding overtime", "unit": "pence per hour, nominal (all industries; excluding overtime pay and overtime hours)", "source": "dep-labour-year-book-1976", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the same Year Book table, all industries, April 1976: 166.6p an hour excluding overtime pay and hours, 166.8p including them. Manual men earned 141.0p and 143.7p on the same two bases — the gap between them is the overtime premium, which non-manual men barely drew. This is not set as the room's wage anchor: a tenth of a penny cannot be held in whole pence, and rounding it to £1.67 would put a number on the page that no source printed.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 166.6 }, { "id": "uk-1970s-household-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Disposable income of a two-adult, two-child household, 1977", "value": "£4,116", "unit": "GBP per year, nominal (mean disposable income per household)", "source": "ons-etb-household-type", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the ONS effects-of-taxes-and-benefits historical dataset, 1977 — the first year of the series, and the earliest UK household-income figure in the archive. Non-retired households of two adults with two children: original income £5,073; plus £257 of cash benefits, gross income £5,330; less £1,214 of direct tax and employees' National Insurance, disposable income £4,116. A mean across such households, not a median. It is the income anchor for this room; nothing is yet priced against it, because no official UK house-price series in the archive reaches back before 1986.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "four-person-normalization", "nominal-values", "uk-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": 411600, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 1977, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 4116.0 }, { "id": "uk-1970s-housing-amenities-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Rooms, floor area, amenities (bath, WC, central heating)", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "D", "notes": "The 1971 Census of England and Wales asked about hot water, fixed bath, and inside WC (amenity questions introduced 1951 and dropped after 2001 as access neared universal). The GHS recorded central-heating and appliance ownership from 1972. Neither the census amenity tables nor the fuller GHS durable-goods table (central heating, refrigerator, washing machine, vacuum cleaner, dishwasher) is in the archive for transcription.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-1970s-paid-hours", "panel": "day", "label": "Average weekly hours worked, full-time men aged 21 and over, April 1976", "value": "42.7 hours", "unit": "average weekly hours worked, all industries (excluding those whose pay was affected by absence)", "source": "dep-labour-year-book-1976", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the New Earnings Survey results republished in the Year Book, all industries, April 1976. Manual men worked 45.3 hours and non-manual men 39.1 — the same manual basis the 1960s room reports, so the two decades can be read against each other without splicing populations. Full-time women averaged 37.3 hours. The Bank of England's independent compilation gives 41.1 hours for full-time adults of both sexes in 1976, which is what these men's and women's figures weight to.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 42.7 }, { "id": "uk-1970s-telephone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a telephone, 1972", "value": "42%", "unit": "% of households with a telephone", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). The telephone was still a minority good in 1972 (42%), under the nationalised Post Office monopoly; new-line waiting lists ran years. Rose to 54% by 1975.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 42.0 }, { "id": "uk-1970s-tenure", "panel": "home", "label": "Tenure of households, England and Wales, 1971", "value": "Owned 51%, private rented 20%, socially rented 29%", "unit": "% of households", "source": "ons-century-homeownership", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ONS analysis of Census of England and Wales tenure. 1971: owner-occupation had reached half of households (51%), up from 43% in 1961; the social-rented sector (largely council housing) stood at 29% and would hold near that level through the decade. Private renting continued its long decline (76% in 1918 → 20% in 1971). Households, not families.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 51.0 }, { "id": "uk-1970s-weekly-earnings", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average gross weekly earnings, adult male full-time employees, 1970", "value": "£30.00", "unit": "GBP per week, nominal (mean gross weekly earnings, male full-time)", "source": "ons-earnings-1938-2025", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the ONS long-run earnings series. 1970 (April sample, NES methodology): adult male full-time employees £30.00/week. Occupational spread in the source: manual £26.80, non-manual £35.80. Adult female full-time: £16.30/week (manual £13.40, non-manual £17.80). Great Britain. This is individual earnings, not family income — a two-earner family earned more, a single-earner family less.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 3000, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 1970, "basis": "weekly", "quantity": 30.0 }, { "id": "uk-1970s-work-buys-gap", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Affordability comparisons, 1970s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-hpi-annual-tables", "tier": "D", "notes": "Two of the three ingredients are now in hand: an hourly wage (166.6p, April 1976) and a household income (£4,116, 1977). What is missing is a price to divide. The official ONS house-price series begins in 1986; the only UK series reaching the 1970s is the Nationwide lender index, which is not an official statistic and is not transcribed here. The hours axis is also blocked on the wage itself, which cannot be held in whole pence — see the hourly-earnings fact.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "uk", "decade": "1980s", "slug": "uk-1980s", "wage_anchor": "", "income_anchor": "uk-1980s-household-income", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "uk-1980s-car", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a car or van, 1981", "value": "59%", "unit": "% of households with a car or van", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). Car ownership reached 59% in 1981 (from 52% in 1972), still well below the US but climbing steadily; 61% by 1984. The home computer first appears in the GHS in 1984 (9%).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 59.0 }, { "id": "uk-1980s-colour-tv", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a colour television, 1981", "value": "74%", "unit": "% of households with a colour television", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). Colour TV spread quickly after its 1968 launch: 61% in 1978, 74% in 1981, 83% by 1984. Total TV access (black-and-white plus colour) was near-universal.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 74.0 }, { "id": "uk-1980s-food-basket-gap", "panel": "table", "label": "The food basket, 1980s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "D", "notes": "The National Food Survey (NFS) ran continuously 1940–2000; the 1980s NFS data is not in the archive. (Archive holds NFS 1940–49 and 2023–24, but not the 1980s.)", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-1980s-household-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Disposable income of a two-adult, two-child household, 1980", "value": "£6,888", "unit": "GBP per year, nominal (mean disposable income per household)", "source": "ons-etb-household-type", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the ONS effects-of-taxes-and-benefits historical dataset, 1980. Non-retired households of two adults with two children: original income £8,218; plus £569 of cash benefits, gross income £8,787; less £1,899 of direct tax and employees' National Insurance, disposable income £6,888. A mean across such households, not a median. It is the income anchor for this room; nothing is yet priced against it, because the official UK house-price series in the archive begins in 1986.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "four-person-normalization", "nominal-values", "uk-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": 688800, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 1980, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 6888.0 }, { "id": "uk-1980s-housing-amenities-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Rooms, floor area, amenities (bath, WC, central heating)", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "D", "notes": "The GHS recorded central-heating and appliance ownership through the 1980s, and the 1981 Census asked about hot water, fixed bath, and inside WC, but neither the census amenity tables nor the fuller GHS durable-goods table (central heating, refrigerator, washing machine, vacuum, dishwasher) is in the archive for transcription.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-1980s-telephone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a telephone, 1981", "value": "75%", "unit": "% of households with a telephone", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). Telephone jumped from 42% (1972) to 75% (1981) as the nationalised BT network expanded; BT was privatised in 1984. New-line waiting lists, chronic in the 1970s, eased.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 75.0 }, { "id": "uk-1980s-tenure", "panel": "home", "label": "Tenure of households, England and Wales, 1981", "value": "Owned 58%, private rented 11%, socially rented 31%", "unit": "% of households", "source": "ons-century-homeownership", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ONS analysis of Census of England and Wales tenure. Owner-occupation was now the majority (58%, up from 51% in 1971), fuelled by Right to Buy (the 1980 Housing Act let council tenants purchase their homes at discount). The social-rented sector peaked near 31% and would shrink through the decade as Right to Buy moved stock into ownership. Households, not families.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 58.0 }, { "id": "uk-1980s-weekly-earnings", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average gross weekly earnings, adult male full-time employees, 1980", "value": "£124.50", "unit": "GBP per week, nominal (mean gross weekly earnings, male full-time)", "source": "ons-earnings-1938-2025", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the ONS long-run earnings series. 1980 (April sample, NES): adult male full-time £124.50/week; adult female full-time £78.80/week. Great Britain. Individual earnings, not family income. High inflation through the decade (RPI roughly doubled 1980→1990) drove rapid nominal growth — male full-time reached £192.40 by 1985.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 12450, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 1980, "basis": "weekly", "quantity": 124.5 }, { "id": "uk-1980s-work-buys-gap", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Affordability comparisons, 1980s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-hpi-annual-tables", "tier": "D", "notes": "A household income is now in hand (£6,888, 1980) but nothing to divide by it: the official ONS house-price series begins in 1986, and the only UK series reaching 1980 is the Nationwide lender index, which is not an official statistic and is not transcribed here. No hourly wage exists for the decade either, so the hours axis is doubly blocked.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-1980s-work-hours-gap", "panel": "day", "label": "Weekly work hours, 1980s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-earnings-1938-2025", "tier": "D", "notes": "The 1980s fall in a gap between two sources that do carry UK hours. The British Labour Statistics Year Books, which republished the New Earnings Survey's hours tables, end with the 1976 volume; ASHE's hours tables begin in 1997. The LFS ran through the decade but its per-worker averages start only in 1992. Without hours, weekly earnings cannot be converted to an hourly wage, so no wage anchor is set for this room — the income anchor is.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "uk", "decade": "1990s", "slug": "uk-1990s", "wage_anchor": "uk-1990s-hourly-pay", "income_anchor": "uk-1990s-household-income", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "uk-1990s-car", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a car or van, 1990", "value": "67%", "unit": "% of households with a car or van", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). Car ownership reached 67% in 1990 (68% by 1993), approaching the levels of the denser US suburbs but still well below US national family ownership.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 67.0 }, { "id": "uk-1990s-colour-tv", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a colour television, 1990", "value": "93%", "unit": "% of households with a colour television", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). Colour TV reached 93% in 1990 (95% by 1993) — effectively universal, as black-and-white-only sets became rare.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 93.0 }, { "id": "uk-1990s-computer", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a home computer, 1990", "value": "21%", "unit": "% of households with a home computer", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). Home computers, first recorded by the GHS at 9% in 1984, reached 21% in 1990 (24% by 1993) as home PCs and early internet use spread.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 21.0 }, { "id": "uk-1990s-food-basket-gap", "panel": "table", "label": "The food basket, 1990s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "D", "notes": "The National Food Survey (NFS) ran continuously 1940–2000; the 1990s NFS data is not in the archive. (Archive holds NFS 1940–49 and 2023–24, but not the 1990s.)", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-1990s-hourly-pay", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median gross hourly pay, all employee jobs, April 1997", "value": "£7.07", "unit": "GBP per hour, nominal (median gross hourly pay, all employee jobs)", "source": "ons-ashe-table1", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ASHE Table 1.5a, all-employee sheet, 1997 — the first year of the survey. Median £7.07 across 20,858 thousand employee jobs; the mean was £8.90, and the full-time median £7.92. The all-jobs median is used as the wage anchor because it describes the hour of work actually on offer; the full-time figure sits about 12% above it. Great Britain-consistent back-series; the survey samples April pay for employees on adult rates whose pay was not affected by absence.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "uk-wage-anchor-all-employees", "affordability-normalization" ], "amount_minor": 707, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 1997, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": 7.07 }, { "id": "uk-1990s-house-price", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Simple average house price, United Kingdom, 1997", "value": "£76,103", "unit": "GBP, nominal (simple average price of a mortgaged dwelling)", "source": "ons-hpi-annual-tables", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ONS house price annual tables, Table 31 (unadjusted), 1997. The same figure appears in Table 28's all-dwellings column, where the average recorded income of the borrowers that year was £26,086 — a mortgage-market population, not the whole country, and higher than the household anchor above. Cash purchases are not in this survey, so the average is of dwellings bought with a mortgage.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization" ], "amount_minor": 7610300, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 1997, "basis": "total", "quantity": 76103.0 }, { "id": "uk-1990s-household-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Disposable income of a two-adult, two-child household, 1997/98", "value": "£24,934", "unit": "GBP per year, nominal (mean disposable income per household)", "source": "ons-etb-household-type", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the ONS effects-of-taxes-and-benefits historical dataset, financial year 1997/98, non-retired households of two adults with two children. Original income £30,047; plus £2,018 of cash benefits, gross income £32,064; less £7,130 of direct tax and employees' National Insurance, disposable income £24,934. This is a mean across such households, not a median, and it is income after tax — the US rooms' anchor is gross money income, which is why the two are not chained. It is the income anchor for this room.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "four-person-normalization", "nominal-values", "uk-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": 2493400, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 1997, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 24934.0 }, { "id": "uk-1990s-housing-amenities-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Rooms, floor area, amenities (bath, WC, central heating)", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "D", "notes": "The GHS recorded central-heating and appliance ownership through the 1990s, but the fuller GHS durable-goods table (central heating, refrigerator, washing machine, vacuum, dishwasher) is not in the archive for transcription.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-1990s-paid-hours", "panel": "day", "label": "Paid hours worked in a week, all employee jobs, April 1997", "value": "37.0 hours (median)", "unit": "total paid hours per week, all employee jobs (median)", "source": "ons-ashe-table1", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ASHE Table 1.9a, all-employee sheet, 1997. The median employee job was paid for 37.0 hours; the mean was 35.1, pulled below the median by part-time jobs. Full-time jobs alone: median 37.9, mean 40.0. Total paid hours includes paid overtime.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 37.0 }, { "id": "uk-1990s-telephone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a telephone, 1990", "value": "88%", "unit": "% of households with a telephone", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). Fixed-line telephone neared universality (88% in 1990, 90% by 1993) after BT privatisation and network expansion; mobile phones were just beginning (this GHS series counts the fixed line).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 88.0 }, { "id": "uk-1990s-tenure", "panel": "home", "label": "Tenure of households, England and Wales, 1991", "value": "Owned 68%, private rented 9%, socially rented 23%", "unit": "% of households", "source": "ons-century-homeownership", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ONS analysis of Census of England and Wales tenure. Owner-occupation peaked in this decade (68% in 1991), the high-water mark of Right to Buy. Private renting had fallen to 9% — its low point — while the social sector continued shrinking. Households, not families.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 68.0 }, { "id": "uk-1990s-weekly-earnings", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average gross weekly earnings, adult male full-time employees, 1990", "value": "£295.60", "unit": "GBP per week, nominal (mean gross weekly earnings, male full-time)", "source": "ons-earnings-1938-2025", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the ONS long-run earnings series. 1990 (April sample, NES): adult male full-time £295.60/week; adult female full-time £201.50/week. Great Britain. Individual earnings, not family income. The decade began in recession (1990–92) and saw the start of the long real-wage slowdown.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 29560, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 1990, "basis": "weekly", "quantity": 295.6 } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "uk", "decade": "2000s", "slug": "uk-2000s", "wage_anchor": "uk-2000s-hourly-pay", "income_anchor": "uk-2000s-household-income", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "uk-2000s-car", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a car or van, 2002", "value": "73%", "unit": "% of households with a car or van", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). Car ownership reached 73% in 2002 (75% by 2005), with a rising share of two-car households.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 73.0 }, { "id": "uk-2000s-colour-tv", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a colour television, 2002", "value": "99%", "unit": "% of households with a colour television", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). Colour TV was effectively universal by 2002 (99%), as it would remain through the survey's end.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 99.0 }, { "id": "uk-2000s-computer", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a home computer, 2002", "value": "54%", "unit": "% of households with a home computer", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). Home computers crossed half of households in 2002 (54%, from 27% in 1996) as broadband began to spread. (Internet take-up is tracked separately by the ONS Internet Access survey from 1998, not transcribed here.)", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 54.0 }, { "id": "uk-2000s-food-basket-gap", "panel": "table", "label": "The food basket, 2000s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "D", "notes": "The National Food Survey (NFS) ran to 2000 and was succeeded by Defra's Family Food module of the Living Costs and Food Survey; the 2000s data is not in the archive. (Archive holds NFS 1940–49 and 2023–24 Family Food, but not the 2000s.)", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-2000s-hourly-pay", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median gross hourly pay, all employee jobs, April 2000", "value": "£7.93", "unit": "GBP per hour, nominal (median gross hourly pay, all employee jobs)", "source": "ons-ashe-table1", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ASHE Table 1.5a, all-employee sheet, 2000. Median £7.93 across 21,721 thousand employee jobs; the mean was £10.22, and the full-time median £8.91. The all-jobs median is the wage anchor because it describes the hour of work actually on offer; the full-time figure sits above it. April pay, employees on adult rates whose pay was not affected by absence.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "uk-wage-anchor-all-employees", "affordability-normalization" ], "amount_minor": 793, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 2000, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": 7.93 }, { "id": "uk-2000s-house-price", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Simple average house price, United Kingdom, 2000", "value": "£101,550", "unit": "GBP, nominal (simple average price of a mortgaged dwelling)", "source": "ons-hpi-annual-tables", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ONS house price annual tables, Table 31 (unadjusted), 2000 — the year the long climb steepened. The same figure appears in Table 28's all-dwellings column, where the average recorded income of the borrowers was £31,193. Cash purchases are not in this survey, so the average is of dwellings bought with a mortgage.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization" ], "amount_minor": 10155000, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 2000, "basis": "total", "quantity": 101550.0 }, { "id": "uk-2000s-household-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Disposable income of a two-adult, two-child household, 2000/01", "value": "£30,181", "unit": "GBP per year, nominal (mean disposable income per household)", "source": "ons-etb-household-type", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the ONS effects-of-taxes-and-benefits historical dataset, financial year 2000/01, non-retired households of two adults with two children. Original income £36,241; plus £2,629 of cash benefits, gross income £38,870; less £8,690 of direct tax and employees' National Insurance, disposable income £30,181. A mean across such households, not a median, and income after tax rather than the gross money income the US rooms anchor on. It is the income anchor for this room.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "four-person-normalization", "nominal-values", "uk-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": 3018100, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 2000, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 30181.0 }, { "id": "uk-2000s-housing-amenities-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Rooms, floor area, amenities (bath, WC, central heating)", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "D", "notes": "The GHS recorded central-heating and appliance ownership into the 2000s, but the fuller GHS durable-goods table (central heating, refrigerator, washing machine, vacuum, dishwasher) is not in the archive for transcription.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-2000s-paid-hours", "panel": "day", "label": "Paid hours worked in a week, all employee jobs, April 2000", "value": "37.0 hours (median)", "unit": "total paid hours per week, all employee jobs (median)", "source": "ons-ashe-table1", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ASHE Table 1.9a, all-employee sheet, 2000. The median employee job was paid for 37.0 hours; the mean was 34.7. Full-time jobs alone: median 37.5, mean 39.7. Total paid hours includes paid overtime.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 37.0 }, { "id": "uk-2000s-telephone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a telephone, 2002", "value": "99%", "unit": "% of households with a telephone", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). Fixed-line telephone reached near-universality (99% in 2002); the GHS series counts the fixed line, while mobile-only households were just beginning to appear.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 99.0 }, { "id": "uk-2000s-tenure", "panel": "home", "label": "Tenure of households, England and Wales, 2001", "value": "Owned 69%, private rented 12%, socially rented 19%", "unit": "% of households", "source": "ons-century-homeownership", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ONS analysis of Census of England and Wales tenure. Owner-occupation at 69% in 2001 — the peak decade before the long decline. Private renting had begun its recovery (12%, up from 9% in 1991) as buy-to-let mortgages expanded; the social sector continued to shrink. Households, not families.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 69.0 }, { "id": "uk-2000s-weekly-earnings", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average gross weekly earnings, adult male full-time employees, 2000", "value": "£473.60", "unit": "GBP per week, nominal (mean gross weekly earnings, male full-time)", "source": "ons-earnings-1938-2025", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the ONS long-run earnings series. 2000 (April sample, ASHE from 2004 back-cast; 2000 reported under NES methodology): adult male full-time £473.60/week; adult female full-time £345.80/week. Great Britain. Individual earnings, not family income.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 47360, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 2000, "basis": "weekly", "quantity": 473.6 } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "uk", "decade": "2010s", "slug": "uk-2010s", "wage_anchor": "uk-2010s-hourly-pay", "income_anchor": "uk-2010s-household-income", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "uk-2010s-car", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a car or van, 2011", "value": "76%", "unit": "% of households with a car or van", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). Car ownership reached 76% in 2011 (slightly below the 78% peak of 2008, reflecting the post-2008 downturn) — the GHS's final reading.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 76.0 }, { "id": "uk-2010s-colour-tv", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a colour television, 2011", "value": "99%", "unit": "% of households with a colour television", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). Colour TV was universal (99% in 2011, the GHS's final year). The figure counts any colour set; multi-screen and on-demand viewing are beyond this series.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 99.0 }, { "id": "uk-2010s-computer", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a home computer, 2011", "value": "80%", "unit": "% of households with a home computer", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). Home computers reached 80% in 2011 (from 54% in 2002), though the smartphone was beginning to displace the household computer as the primary connected device.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 80.0 }, { "id": "uk-2010s-food-basket-gap", "panel": "table", "label": "The food basket, 2010s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "D", "notes": "Defra's Family Food module (LCFS) covers the 2010s, but that data is not in the archive. (Archive holds NFS 1940–49 and Family Food 2023–24, but not the 2010s.)", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-2010s-hourly-pay", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median gross hourly pay, all employee jobs, April 2010", "value": "£11.14", "unit": "GBP per hour, nominal (median gross hourly pay, all employee jobs)", "source": "ons-ashe-table1", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ASHE Table 1.5a, all-employee sheet, 2010. Median £11.14 across 24,263 thousand employee jobs; the mean was £14.60, and the full-time median £12.57. The all-jobs median is the wage anchor because it describes the hour of work actually on offer; the full-time figure sits above it. April pay, employees on adult rates whose pay was not affected by absence.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "uk-wage-anchor-all-employees", "affordability-normalization" ], "amount_minor": 1114, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 2010, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": 11.14 }, { "id": "uk-2010s-house-price", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Simple average house price, United Kingdom, 2010", "value": "£251,174", "unit": "GBP, nominal (simple average price of a mortgaged dwelling)", "source": "ons-hpi-annual-tables", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ONS house price annual tables, Table 31 (unadjusted), 2010. The same figure appears in Table 28's all-dwellings column, where the average recorded income of the borrowers was £57,973 — more than double the borrower income of 1997 against a price more than three times as high. Cash purchases are not in this survey, so the average is of dwellings bought with a mortgage.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization" ], "amount_minor": 25117400, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 2010, "basis": "total", "quantity": 251174.0 }, { "id": "uk-2010s-household-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Disposable income of a two-adult, two-child household, 2010/11", "value": "£46,129", "unit": "GBP per year, nominal (mean disposable income per household)", "source": "ons-etb-household-type", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the ONS effects-of-taxes-and-benefits historical dataset, financial year 2010/11, non-retired households of two adults with two children. Original income £55,409; plus £4,863 of cash benefits, gross income £60,272; less £14,144 of direct tax and employees' National Insurance, disposable income £46,129. A mean across such households, not a median, and income after tax rather than the gross money income the US rooms anchor on. It is the income anchor for this room.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "four-person-normalization", "nominal-values", "uk-household-not-family" ], "amount_minor": 4612900, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 2010, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 46129.0 }, { "id": "uk-2010s-housing-amenities-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Rooms, floor area, amenities (bath, WC, central heating)", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "D", "notes": "The GHS was discontinued after 2012; its central-heating and appliance tables for the early 2010s are not in the archive. The English Housing Survey (EHS) is the successor for housing amenity data but is not transcribed here.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "uk-2010s-paid-hours", "panel": "day", "label": "Paid hours worked in a week, all employee jobs, April 2010", "value": "37.0 hours (median)", "unit": "total paid hours per week, all employee jobs (median)", "source": "ons-ashe-table1", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ASHE Table 1.9a, all-employee sheet, 2010. The median employee job was paid for 37.0 hours — unmoved from 1997 and 2000 — while the mean fell to 33.4, the part-time share having grown. Full-time jobs alone: median 37.5, mean 39.2. Total paid hours includes paid overtime.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 37.0 }, { "id": "uk-2010s-telephone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a telephone, 2011", "value": "100%", "unit": "% of households with a telephone", "source": "ons-ghs-40yr", "tier": "A", "notes": "From GHS 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (unweighted). The GHS recorded 100% telephone coverage in 2011 — near-universal, combining residual fixed lines with mobile phones. The GHS was discontinued after 2012; later diffusion (smartphones, broadband) is tracked by Ofcom and the ONS Internet Access survey, not transcribed here.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 100.0 }, { "id": "uk-2010s-tenure", "panel": "home", "label": "Tenure of households, England and Wales, 2011", "value": "Owned 64%, private rented 18%, socially rented 18%", "unit": "% of households", "source": "ons-century-homeownership", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ONS analysis of Census of England and Wales tenure. Owner-occupation had begun its decline (64% in 2011, down from the 69% peak) as house prices outpaced wages; private renting rose sharply (18%, double its 1991 low). Households, not families.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 64.0 }, { "id": "uk-2010s-weekly-earnings", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average gross weekly earnings, adult male full-time employees, 2010", "value": "£657.00", "unit": "GBP per week, nominal (mean gross weekly earnings, male full-time)", "source": "ons-earnings-1938-2025", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the ONS long-run earnings series. 2010 (April sample, ASHE): adult male full-time £657.00/week; adult female full-time £514.70/week. Great Britain. Individual earnings, not family income. The decade saw the longest real-wage squeeze since the 1860s (the post-2008 'wage stagnation'), with nominal growth barely outpacing prices.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 65700, "currency": "GBP", "price_year": 2010, "basis": "weekly", "quantity": 657.0 } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "us", "decade": "1900s", "slug": "us-1900s", "wage_anchor": "us-1900s-mens-weekly-wages", "income_anchor": "us-1900s-annual-family-income", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "us-1900s-annual-family-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average annual family income, 1901", "value": "$827.19", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "source": "bls-bulletin-49-1903", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS Bulletin No. 49, p.1138. This is an AVERAGE, not a median — the report did not compute medians. Population: 2,567 wage-earner families in 33 states, head earning ≤$1,200/year. NOTE: the University of Missouri guide cited this as $749 — the primary source says $827.19. The Missouri figure was wrong.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "income-vs-consumption", "affordability-normalization" ], "amount_minor": 82719, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1901, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 827.19 }, { "id": "us-1900s-average-expenditure", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average annual family expenditure, 1901", "value": "$768.54", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "source": "bls-bulletin-49-1903", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS Bulletin No. 49, p.1138. Average expenditure for all purposes. Families spent 93% of their income on average ($768.54 / $827.19), leaving a small surplus.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "income-vs-consumption" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 768.54 }, { "id": "us-1900s-car-price", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "New automobile price, 1901–1904", "value": "$650 (Oldsmobile Curved Dash, best-selling) to $750 (Ford Model A)", "unit": "USD, nominal (manufacturer list price)", "source": "early-auto-prices", "tier": "C", "notes": "The Oldsmobile Curved Dash Runabout was $650 from 1901–1904 and was the best-selling car in America (425 sold 1901, 2,500 in 1902, 3,924 in 1903). The Ford Model A (first Ford, 1903) was $750–$850. The Rambler was also $650. These are manufacturer list prices from primary company records, compiled by automotive historians. The previous Tier D figure ($750–$1,500 from Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly) is consistent but less precise. A $650 car = 51 weeks of manufacturing wages ($12.74/week) = ~80% of annual family income ($827.19).", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 65000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1901, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1900s-cigarette-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult per capita cigarette consumption, 1900", "value": "54 cigarettes per adult per year", "unit": "cigarettes per adult (≥18 years) per year", "source": "cdc-mmwr-tobacco-surveillance", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC MMWR Surveillance Summary Vol. 43 No. SS-3, Table 1. USDA estimate based on federal cigarette tax data and Census adult population. Total U.S. consumption was 2.5 billion cigarettes in 1900. Cigarettes were a minor product — chewing tobacco and cigars were dominant.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1900, "basis": null, "quantity": 54.0 }, { "id": "us-1900s-diffusion", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Technology diffusion: telephone, automobile, electricity (~1900)", "value": "Telephone: 9.2 per 1,000 population (1898), ~5% of households. Automobile: <1% (registration incomplete pre-1910). Electricity: <5% of homes (urban only). Radio: not yet commercial.", "unit": "per 1,000 population or % of households", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 2, Series R 1-2 (p.192, OCR'd via GLM-OCR): 1898 had 681,000 telephones = 9.2 per 1,000 population. With avg family size 5.31, this translates to roughly 5% of households. The report notes motor-vehicle registration data for early years is 'incomplete, largely because few States required their registration' (p.113). By 1907, telephone penetration reached ~7% of households. Electricity diffusion was limited to urban areas; rural electrification didn't begin until the 1930s. Radio broadcasting began ~1920.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "urban-rural-split" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 5.0 }, { "id": "us-1900s-education", "panel": "day", "label": "Educational attainment, 1900", "value": "Median school years completed: ~8.3 (estimated from 1940 trend)", "unit": "median years of school completed, persons 25+", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "C", "notes": "Census Table A-1 begins at 1940 (median 8.6 years). The 1900 Census did not collect educational attainment in a comparable form. Estimated by linear backcast from 1940 (8.6) and 1950 (9.3). Tier C: estimate, not directly sourced.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1900s-ethanol-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "Alcohol consumed per person, 1901-1905", "value": "2.39 gallons of pure ethanol per person per year (1901-1905 average)", "unit": "gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "source": "niaaa-surveillance-122", "tier": "A", "notes": "Table 1 publishes no single-year figure this early: the record is grouped into five-year ranges, and 1901-1905 is the only one lying wholly inside the decade. Spirits still supplied more ethanol per head than beer had a generation earlier; the range is the level national Prohibition would interrupt.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.39 }, { "id": "us-1900s-expenditure-breakdown", "panel": "budget", "label": "Full expenditure breakdown, 1901", "value": "Food 42.54%, rent 12.95%, clothing 14.04%, fuel & light 5.25%, furniture 3.42%, tobacco 1.42%, liquor/sickness/amusements 14.51%, misc 5.87%", "unit": "% of total family expenditure", "source": "bls-bulletin-49-1903", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS Bulletin No. 49, pp.1140-1141. Rent was 12.95% — the Missouri guide cited 13%, which matches. The report notes that no retail prices were available for rent, clothing, fuel, furniture, or tobacco for the time series (only food had retail price data).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "income-vs-consumption" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 42.54 }, { "id": "us-1900s-family-size", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average family size, 1901", "value": "5.31", "unit": "persons per family", "source": "bls-bulletin-49-1903", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS Bulletin No. 49, p.1138. 0.7 persons above the Census 1900 national average of 4.61. The report notes this was not due to intentional selection of larger families.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 5.31 }, { "id": "us-1900s-food-basket", "panel": "table", "label": "Food basket: expenditure per family by item, 1901", "value": "Beef (fresh) $46.38, beef (salt) $10.61, hog (fresh) $15.64, hog (salt) $17.60, other meat $13.29, poultry $9.91, fish $8.35, eggs $16.17, milk $20.03, butter $27.73", "unit": "USD per family per year, nominal (avg among families buying each item)", "source": "commissioner-labor-18th-1903", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 18th Annual Report, Table IV-M (p.499), OCR'd via GLM-OCR. Summary of expenditure per family for various items of food, by nativity of head of family. National totals for 1,578 families. These 10 categories total $185.71 — 56.8% of the $326.90 total food expenditure. The remainder covers flour, bread, vegetables, fruits, sugar, coffee, etc. Beef (fresh) was the single largest food expenditure at $46.38. Butter ($27.73) exceeded milk ($20.03) — reflecting the era's dietary patterns.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1900s-food-expenditure", "panel": "table", "label": "Average annual food expenditure, 1901", "value": "$326.90", "unit": "USD per family per year, nominal", "source": "bls-bulletin-49-1903", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS Bulletin No. 49, p.1138. This is the total food expenditure per family per year — $6.29 per week. The report also collected retail prices for staple foods from 814 retail merchants in the same localities.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1900s-food-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Food as share of family expenditure, 1901", "value": "42.54%", "unit": "share of total expenditure ($326.90 of $768.54)", "source": "bls-bulletin-49-1903", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS Bulletin No. 49, p.1138: '$326.90 per family, or 42.54 per cent of the average expenditure for all purposes.' Food was the largest expenditure category. By comparison, food is under 15% of expenditure in the 2020s.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "income-vs-consumption" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 42.54 }, { "id": "us-1900s-home-production-household", "panel": "day", "label": "Total home-production hours per household, 1900", "value": "78", "unit": "hours per week, all household members combined", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009), aggregate home-production hours divided by number of households. Fell from 78 hrs/week (1900) to 49 hrs/week (2005), a 37% decline. Household size fell 45% (4.7→2.6 persons) over the same period, so per-household hours fell proportionally less than household size. Per-capita (all ages) was 16.4 hrs/week — slightly higher in 2005 than 1900 because fewer children (who do little home production) are in the population.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 78.0 }, { "id": "us-1900s-home-production-men", "panel": "day", "label": "Men's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1900", "value": "3.9", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age men (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 7, 'All Prime-Age Men' column. Early estimates from Purnell Act studies and Lundberg et al. (1934); 1965+ from AHTUS/BLS. Men's hours rose 13 hrs/week across the century (3.9→16.8), partially offsetting women's decline. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 3.9 }, { "id": "us-1900s-home-production-women", "panel": "day", "label": "Women's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1900", "value": "46.8", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age women (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 6A, 'All Prime-Age Women' column. Reconstruction from historical time-diary studies (Purnell Act 1920s, Wilson 1929, USDA 1944) linked to AHTUS/BLS surveys from 1965. Includes food prep, house cleaning, clothing care, childcare, purchasing, and household management. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated. Draft version (NBER w13985) has identical values. Splice caveat: Ramey measures women-specific home production ages 18-64; ATUS (2020s room) measures all-adult household activities age 15+ — a concept change that must caveat when plotted together.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 46.8 }, { "id": "us-1900s-homeownership-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Homeownership rate, 1900s", "value": "~46.5% (national, all households)", "unit": "% of occupied housing units owner-occupied", "source": "census-homeownership-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census homeownership time series (owner.pdf). National rate ~1900. This is for ALL households, not just the wage-earner families surveyed by the Commissioner of Labor — those families were overwhelmingly urban renters.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "urban-rural-split" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 46.5 }, { "id": "us-1900s-household-asset-composition", "panel": "day", "label": "Household asset composition, 1900", "value": "Tangible 47% ($29B), Financial 53% ($32B)", "unit": "% of total nonfarm household assets by type", "source": "goldsmith-balance-sheet", "tier": "D", "notes": "From Goldsmith (1963), Table 1. In 1900, households held roughly equal tangible and financial assets. Tangible = real estate + consumer durables. Financial = deposits + securities + life insurance + pension reserves. By contrast, in 1958 tangible fell to 39% as financial assets grew.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 47.0 }, { "id": "us-1900s-household-net-worth", "panel": "day", "label": "Nonfarm household net worth, 1900", "value": "$57 billion", "unit": "aggregate net worth of nonfarm household sector, current dollars", "source": "goldsmith-balance-sheet", "tier": "D", "notes": "From Goldsmith, Lipsey & Mendelson (1963), Table 1, Sector I.1 (Nonfarm households). Total assets: $62B. Tangible assets: $29B (real estate, durables). Financial assets: $32B (deposits, securities, life insurance). Debt: $5B (mostly mortgages). Net worth: $57B. Aggregate — NOT median. Goldsmith reconstructed this from Census wealth data and Federal Reserve sources. In 1900, tangible assets (real estate) were 47% of household assets; financial assets were 53%.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 57.0 }, { "id": "us-1900s-housing-rooms-rent", "panel": "home", "label": "Housing: rooms, rent, and tenure, 1901", "value": "Renting: 4.73 rooms/family, $24.60/room/yr avg rent. Owning: 5.92 rooms/family. Rent was 12.95% of expenditure.", "unit": "rooms per family; USD per room per year", "source": "commissioner-labor-18th-1903", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 18th Annual Report, Table III-K (p.370-371), OCR'd via GLM-OCR. Summary of families renting and owning homes by state and nativity. National narrative (p.73): families owning homes averaged 5.92 rooms vs 4.73 for renters; 1.16 rooms per individual (owners) vs 1.01 (renters). Average cost of rent per room was ~$24.60/yr ($24.66 native, $24.55 foreign). The survey covered 2,567 normal families in 33 states; families with boarders excluded from the housing table.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "urban-rural-split" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1900s-infant-mortality", "panel": "day", "label": "Infant mortality rate, 1900", "value": "~100 per 1,000 live births", "unit": "deaths before age 1 per 1,000 live births", "source": "cdc-mmwr-infant-mortality", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC MMWR Vol. 48, No. 38 (1999): 'approximately 100 infants died before age 1 year' per 1,000 live births at the beginning of the 20th century. In some U.S. cities, up to 30% of infants died before reaching their first birthday. The 1915 rate (first year of reliable national data) was 99.9 per 1,000. By 1997: 7.2 per 1,000 — a >90% decline. This is one of the great public health achievements of the 20th century: sanitation, milk pasteurization, antibiotics, and neonatal intensive care.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 100.0 }, { "id": "us-1900s-life-expectancy", "panel": "day", "label": "Life expectancy at birth, 1900-02", "value": "48.2 years (white male), 51.1 years (white female)", "unit": "years at birth", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics of the United States, Series B 116-117 (Expectation of Life at Specified Ages), p.76 (OCR'd via GLM-OCR). Period 1900-02. At age 20: male 42.2, female 43.8. At age 40: male 27.7, female 29.2. By 1909-11: male 50.2, female 53.6. The previous Tier D figure of '48 years' from the Missouri guide was accurate.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1900s-married-women-lfpr", "panel": "day", "label": "Married women's labor force participation, 1900", "value": "~5.6%", "unit": "% of married women (husband present) in the civilian labor force", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "Population-level labor-force participation of married women, not the number of earners in an individual family. Historical gainful-worker measures and modern labor-force participation are not identical; neither this percentage nor marital status alone establishes household income sources.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 5.6 }, { "id": "us-1900s-median-age-first-marriage", "panel": "day", "label": "Median age at first marriage, 1900", "value": "Men: 25.9, Women: 21.9", "unit": "years (median age at first marriage)", "source": "census-table-ms2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table MS-2 (ms2-median-age-first-marriage.xls). Decennial census. Men married at 25.9, women at 21.9 — a 4-year gap. The composite four-person family typically formed in the early-to-mid 20s for the wife, late 20s for the husband. By 1950: 22.8/20.3 (mid-century low).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 25.9 }, { "id": "us-1900s-mens-weekly-wages", "panel": "day", "label": "Average hourly earnings, manufacturing, 1908", "value": "$0.250/hour ($14.20/week at 56.8 hrs)", "unit": "USD per hour, nominal", "source": "hist-stats-wages-manufacturing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics of the United States, Series D 766 (hourly earnings). The anchor year is 1908 ($0.250/hr = 25 cents, exact) because the 1900 figure ($0.216/hr) is not representable in integer cents — per Plan 013 D2, the anchor picks the in-decade year whose published figure lands on a cent boundary. Weekly earnings: $0.250 x 56.8 hrs = $14.20. The 1900 figure ($0.216, 59.0 hrs, $12.74/wk) is the decade's start; 1908 is mid-decade. The 8-year gap to the income anchor (1900-01) is flagged by the affordability comparator.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "manufacturing-wage-proxy" ], "amount_minor": 25, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1908, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1900s-rent-share", "panel": "home", "label": "Rent as share of expenditure, 1901", "value": "12.95%", "unit": "% of total family expenditure", "source": "bls-bulletin-49-1903", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS Bulletin No. 49, p.1140. The report notes no retail prices were available for rent across years, so rent is reported as a share but not as a dollar amount.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "income-vs-consumption" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 12.95 }, { "id": "us-1900s-surplus", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Income vs expenditure surplus, 1901", "value": "$58.65 surplus ($827.19 income - $768.54 expenditure)", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "source": "bls-bulletin-49-1903", "tier": "A", "notes": "Computed from primary source: average income ($827.19) minus average expenditure ($768.54) = $58.65. Families saved about 7% of income on average. This is a thin margin — sickness or unemployment could quickly push a family into deficit.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1900s-survey-income-cap", "panel": "budget", "label": "Survey income ceiling, 1901", "value": "$1,200", "unit": "USD per year — families earning more were excluded", "source": "bls-bulletin-49-1903", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS Bulletin No. 49, p.1138: 'the head of the family must be a wage worker or a salaried man earning not over $1,200 during the year.' This caps the survey at the lower/middle income range — upper-income families are not represented.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 1200.0 }, { "id": "us-1900s-traffic-death-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Road deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles, 1900", "value": "36.00 deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "unit": "deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "source": "fhwa-fi200-2023", "tier": "A", "notes": "The earliest year FHWA publishes, and the thinnest: the rate rests on 36 recorded deaths against an estimated 100 million vehicle-miles. It is a real published figure, not a reconstruction, but the exposure behind it is tiny and the travel estimate is a back-cast.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1900, "basis": null, "quantity": 36.0 }, { "id": "us-1900s-weekly-earnings-context", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "What a week of work bought, 1900", "value": "$12.74/week (manufacturing) = 1.66% of $768.54 annual expenditure → about 60 weeks of one worker's wages", "unit": "ratio of weekly wages to annual expenditure", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "Hourly earnings $0.216 × 59.0 hours gives $12.74 weekly manufacturing earnings (Historical Statistics Series D 765-766). Annual expenditure $768.54 is from the 18th Annual Report (Bulletin No. 49, p.1138), a separate survey population. Their ratio is an illustration, not a reconstruction of how a particular family financed its budget; it does not establish the number of earners.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1900s-weekly-hours", "panel": "day", "label": "Average weekly hours, manufacturing, 1900", "value": "59.0", "unit": "hours per week", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics of the United States (Colonial Times to 1970), Series D 765, p.76 (OCR'd via GLM-OCR). Total manufacturing, all workers. Union workers averaged 53.0 hrs; payroll workers 62.1 hrs. By 1910, hours had fallen to 56.6. The previous Tier D figure of '56' from the Missouri guide was close but unsourced.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 59.0 }, { "id": "us-1900s-womens-weekly-wages", "panel": "day", "label": "Average weekly earnings, wage-earning women, 1905", "value": "$6.17", "unit": "USD per week, nominal", "source": "census-manufactures-1905", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1905 Census of Manufactures, Part I, page lxxxix. Women earned $6.17/week vs men's $11.16/week — a 55% gap. Women's earnings were $4.17 above the minimum and $4.90 below the maximum. Confirmed by Hutchinson, 'Women's Wages' (archive.org) and Missouri Prices & Wages guide. Upgraded from Tier D to Tier A: figure is from an official Census Bureau statistical series.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "us", "decade": "1910s", "slug": "us-1910s", "wage_anchor": "us-1910s-manufacturing-wages", "income_anchor": "", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "us-1910s-apparel-price-index", "panel": "budget", "label": "Clothing prices, 1919 (index, 1982-84=100)", "value": "36.2 in 1919, up from 14.9 in 1913", "unit": "CPI-U apparel index (1982-84=100), annual average", "source": "bls-api", "tier": "A", "notes": "BLS series CUUR0000SAA. Clothing was the most violently inflated thing the family bought during the war: 14.9 in 1913 to 36.2 in 1919, +143%, and still climbing to 43.1 in 1920 before collapsing. Wartime demand for wool and cotton, and the diversion of textile capacity to uniforms, fell directly on a household expense that could be deferred but not avoided.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 36.2 }, { "id": "us-1910s-car-price", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Average new car price, 1910", "value": "~$1,188 (average wholesale, computed from factory sales)", "unit": "USD, nominal (wholesale value per passenger car)", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "Computed from Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Part 2, p.716, Series Q 148-162 (source: Automobile Manufacturers Association, Automobile Facts and Figures, 27th ed., 1946-47). 1910: 181,000 passenger cars sold at $215 million wholesale value = ~$1,188 average per car. This is wholesale (factory) value; retail/transaction price would be higher (dealer markup). The source notes 'beginning 1937, standard equipment is included in the value estimate.' Population: all US factory sales of passenger cars.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 118800, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1910, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1910s-cigarette-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult per capita cigarette consumption, 1910", "value": "151 cigarettes per adult per year", "unit": "cigarettes per adult (≥18 years) per year", "source": "cdc-mmwr-tobacco-surveillance", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC MMWR Surveillance Summary Vol. 43 No. SS-3, Table 1. Cigarette consumption was growing rapidly — up from 54 in 1900. WWI (1917-18) drove a spike: 697 per adult by 1918. Total consumption reached 45.6 billion cigarettes in 1918.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1910, "basis": null, "quantity": 151.0 }, { "id": "us-1910s-electricity-gap", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Electricity, radio, automobile", "value": "Electricity ~5-10% of homes (urban only). Radio not yet commercial. Automobile <2%.", "unit": "n/a", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "C", "notes": "Historical Statistics does not track household electrification directly until the 1940 Census. Urban electrification was growing rapidly (Edison's Pearl Street station opened 1882); by 1910, most city homes had electric lighting. Rural homes were almost entirely unelectrified. Commercial radio broadcasting began 1920 (KDKA Pittsburgh). Automobile registrations were growing but still under 2% of households.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1910s-ethanol-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "Alcohol consumed per person, 1911-1915", "value": "2.56 gallons of pure ethanol per person per year (1911-1915 average)", "unit": "gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "source": "niaaa-surveillance-122", "tier": "A", "notes": "The 1911-1915 range is the highest in the table's pre-Prohibition record. The following range, 1916-1919, falls to 1.96 as state-level prohibition spread ahead of the federal ban.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.56 }, { "id": "us-1910s-food-basket-gap", "panel": "table", "label": "The food basket, 1910s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "bls-bulletin-49-1903", "tier": "D", "notes": "The BLS Bulletin No. 49 (1903) and 18th Annual Report (1903) cover the 1900s. No comparable survey exists for the 1910s. The next major consumer expenditure survey would be the 1918-19 study, conducted during wartime.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1910s-food-price-index", "panel": "table", "label": "Food prices, 1919 (index, 1982-84=100)", "value": "18.6 in 1919, up from 10.0 in 1913", "unit": "CPI-U food index (1982-84=100), annual average", "source": "bls-api", "tier": "A", "notes": "BLS series CUUR0000SAF1. The war nearly doubled the price of eating: 10.0 in 1913 to 18.6 in 1919, +86% in six years. Set against apparel (+143%) and rent (+11%) over the same span, this is the decade's central household fact — the two things a family buys weekly rose steeply while the rent, fixed by lease and slow-moving housing stock, did not. A price index is not a basket; what the family actually ate in the 1910s remains a declared gap.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 18.6 }, { "id": "us-1910s-home-production-men", "panel": "day", "label": "Men's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1910", "value": "4.0", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age men (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 7, 'All Prime-Age Men' column. Early estimates from Purnell Act studies and Lundberg et al. (1934); 1965+ from AHTUS/BLS. Men's hours rose 13 hrs/week across the century (3.9→16.8), partially offsetting women's decline. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 4.0 }, { "id": "us-1910s-home-production-women", "panel": "day", "label": "Women's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1910", "value": "45.6", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age women (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 6A, 'All Prime-Age Women' column. Reconstruction from historical time-diary studies (Purnell Act 1920s, Wilson 1929, USDA 1944) linked to AHTUS/BLS surveys from 1965. Includes food prep, house cleaning, clothing care, childcare, purchasing, and household management. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated. Draft version (NBER w13985) has identical values. Splice caveat: Ramey measures women-specific home production ages 18-64; ATUS (2020s room) measures all-adult household activities age 15+ — a concept change that must caveat when plotted together.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 45.6 }, { "id": "us-1910s-homeownership", "panel": "home", "label": "Homeownership rate, 1910", "value": "45.9%", "unit": "% of occupied dwelling units (owner-occupied)", "source": "census-homeownership-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Bureau decennial time series (owner.pdf). Down from 46.7% in 1900 — the long slow decline from 1900 to 1920. By 1920: 45.6%.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 45.9 }, { "id": "us-1910s-housing-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Home value, rooms, plumbing, electricity", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "census-decennial-pubs", "tier": "D", "notes": "The 1910 Census did not collect housing characteristics. The first Census of Housing was 1940. Most urban homes in the 1910s had electricity (~85% of urban/non-farm by 1920); rural homes were almost entirely unelectrified (~2% of farms in 1910). Indoor plumbing was available in cities but rare in rural areas.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1910s-income-gap", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, 1910s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "census-hist-income-families", "tier": "D", "notes": "No national income survey existed before 1947. The Census of Manufactures collected wage data but not family income. The first CPS income question was 1945 (P-60 No. 1). For 1910, the best available proxy is manufacturing wages: $0.260/hr, ~56.6 hrs/week (Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series D 765). See day panel.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1910s-life-expectancy", "panel": "day", "label": "Life expectancy at birth, 1909-11", "value": "50.2 male, 53.6 female (white)", "unit": "years", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series B 116-117 (white population, at birth). The 1910s were devastated by the 1918-19 influenza pandemic, which killed ~675,000 Americans and temporarily reduced life expectancy by ~12 years. Pre-pandemic baseline: 50.2 male, 53.6 female.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1910s-manufacturing-wages", "panel": "day", "label": "Manufacturing production worker wages, 1910", "value": "$0.260/hr, 56.6 hrs/week, ~$14.72/wk", "unit": "USD, nominal (hourly earnings, weekly hours, implied weekly earnings)", "source": "hist-stats-wages-manufacturing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series D 765-767 (manufacturing production workers). Hourly: $0.260 (26 cents, exact), weekly hours: 56.6, implied weekly earnings: $14.72. By 1915: $0.287/hr, 55.0 hrs/week. These are the pre-WWI wage levels; wartime demand would push wages up sharply by 1917-18.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "manufacturing-wage-proxy" ], "amount_minor": 26, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1910, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1910s-married-women-lfpr", "panel": "day", "label": "Married women's labor force participation, 1910", "value": "~10.7%", "unit": "% of married women (husband present) in the civilian labor force", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series D 49-62. The 1910 census recorded ~10.7% — nearly double the 1900 figure — but Historical Statistics notes 1910 data is 'not comparable with other censuses' due to different enumerator instructions. The true rate may have been lower. Total female LFPR was 25.4%. Still a predominantly single-earner era.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 10.7 }, { "id": "us-1910s-median-age-first-marriage", "panel": "day", "label": "Median age at first marriage, 1910", "value": "Men: 25.1, Women: 21.6", "unit": "years (median age at first marriage)", "source": "census-table-ms2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table MS-2. Decennial census. The age gap was narrowing slightly: 3.5 years vs 4.0 in 1900. WWI would temporarily disrupt marriage patterns.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 25.1 }, { "id": "us-1910s-rent-index", "panel": "home", "label": "Rent, 1919 (index, 1982-84=100)", "value": "23.3 in 1919, up from 21.0 in 1913", "unit": "CPI-U rent-of-primary-residence index (1982-84=100), annual average", "source": "bls-api", "tier": "A", "notes": "BLS series CUUR0000SEHA. Rent rose just 11% across the war years — 21.0 in 1913 to 23.3 in 1919 — while food rose 86% and apparel 143%. Rent is the stickiest line in the household budget: leases are annual, and housing stock cannot be produced quickly. The lag reversed in the 1920s, when rents kept climbing after other prices collapsed.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 23.3 }, { "id": "us-1910s-telephone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Telephone diffusion, 1910s", "value": "~13 per 1,000 population (1915)", "unit": "telephones per 1,000 population", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 2, Series R 1-2. In 1915: ~13 per 1,000 population (~5.5 million total phones). Household percentage not directly reported until 1944, but estimated at well under 10% of households. The Bell System was expanding but telephone remained a business and upper-class amenity.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1910s-traffic-death-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Road deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles, 1910", "value": "44.66 deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "unit": "deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "source": "fhwa-fi200-2023", "tier": "A", "notes": "Just past the worst year in the whole table: the rate peaked in 1909 at 45.33, as cars reached ordinary streets faster than anything that later made them survivable.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1910, "basis": null, "quantity": 44.66 }, { "id": "us-1910s-work-buys-gap", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Share-of-family-income comparison, 1910s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "D", "notes": "No national median family income figure exists for this decade, so a share-of-income comparison cannot be computed. The hourly manufacturing-wage anchor does support hours-to-afford calculations for the priced records that follow.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "us", "decade": "1920s", "slug": "us-1920s", "wage_anchor": "us-1920s-manufacturing-wages", "income_anchor": "", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "us-1920s-car-price", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Average new car price, 1920", "value": "~$949 (average wholesale, computed from factory sales)", "unit": "USD, nominal (wholesale value per passenger car)", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "Computed from Historical Statistics, Series Q 148-162. 1920: 1,905,500 passenger cars sold at $1,809 million wholesale value = ~$949 average per car. The Model T (1908-1927) drove prices down — by 1920 a new Model T cost ~$395 (retail), but the average wholesale across all cars was higher due to luxury models. Wholesale value; retail/transaction price would be higher. Population: all US factory sales of passenger cars.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 94900, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1920, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1920s-cigarette-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult per capita cigarette consumption, 1920", "value": "665 cigarettes per adult per year", "unit": "cigarettes per adult (≥18 years) per year", "source": "cdc-mmwr-tobacco-surveillance", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC MMWR Surveillance Summary Vol. 43 No. SS-3, Table 1. Cigarette smoking became mainstream in the 1920s. Consumption more than quadrupled from 151 in 1910. Total U.S. consumption was 44.6 billion cigarettes in 1920.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1920, "basis": null, "quantity": 665.0 }, { "id": "us-1920s-ethanol-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "Alcohol consumed per person, 1920s", "value": "no reliable record — national Prohibition, 1920-1933: legal sales ended and the series ended with them", "unit": "gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "source": "niaaa-surveillance-122", "tier": "A", "notes": "National Prohibition ran from January 1920 to December 1933, and the source table prints the single word '(Prohibition)' where fourteen years of numbers would be. The series is built from legal sales, so when legal sales ended the measurement ended with them. Drinking did not stop; the state's ability to count it did. The gap is not an archive limitation and is not interpolated: no consumption estimate for these years appears in this table, and any that were entered would be a different kind of evidence.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1920s-food-basket-gap", "panel": "table", "label": "The food basket, 1920s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "bls-bulletin-49-1903", "tier": "D", "notes": "No consumer expenditure survey for the 1920s. The 1918-19 wartime study and the 1934-36 study bracket the decade. BLS retail food price data exists for the 1920s but not in a household basket format.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1920s-food-price-index", "panel": "table", "label": "Food prices, 1929 (index, 1982-84=100)", "value": "16.5 in 1929, down from 21.0 in 1920", "unit": "CPI-U food index (1982-84=100), annual average", "source": "bls-api", "tier": "A", "notes": "BLS series CUUR0000SAF1. The postwar collapse was abrupt: food fell from 21.0 in 1920 to 15.9 in 1921, a 24% drop in a single year, and never regained its wartime peak — 16.5 by 1929. For a family, the 1920s were a decade in which eating got cheaper while the rent did not (rent rose 17% over the same span). The often-told story of 1920s prosperity is usually an income story; on the price side the decade was deflationary.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 16.5 }, { "id": "us-1920s-home-production-components", "panel": "day", "label": "How a 1920s housewife's week broke down (Wilson study)", "value": "Food prep 19.9, house cleaning 9.3, clothing care 11.5, childcare 7.2, purchasing/mgmt/travel 4.4 hrs/week", "unit": "hours per week by activity category, nonemployed town housewives", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 3, '1920s Town Housewives, Wilson Study' column. Total home production: 52.4 hrs/week. Wilson's time-diary study (conducted ~1920s, published 193-). For comparison, 1965 housewives (AHTUS) spent less on food prep (16.5) and clothing care (6.9) but more on purchasing/management/travel (10.4) — market substitution shifted time between categories, not eliminated it. Farm housewives (USDA 1944) spent even more on food prep (23.5 hrs) due to preservation and from-scratch cooking.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1920s-home-production-men", "panel": "day", "label": "Men's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1920", "value": "3.9", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age men (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 7, 'All Prime-Age Men' column. Early estimates from Purnell Act studies and Lundberg et al. (1934); 1965+ from AHTUS/BLS. Men's hours rose 13 hrs/week across the century (3.9→16.8), partially offsetting women's decline. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 3.9 }, { "id": "us-1920s-home-production-women", "panel": "day", "label": "Women's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1920", "value": "44.5", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age women (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 6A, 'All Prime-Age Women' column. Reconstruction from historical time-diary studies (Purnell Act 1920s, Wilson 1929, USDA 1944) linked to AHTUS/BLS surveys from 1965. Includes food prep, house cleaning, clothing care, childcare, purchasing, and household management. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated. Draft version (NBER w13985) has identical values. Splice caveat: Ramey measures women-specific home production ages 18-64; ATUS (2020s room) measures all-adult household activities age 15+ — a concept change that must caveat when plotted together.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 44.5 }, { "id": "us-1920s-homeownership", "panel": "home", "label": "Homeownership rate, 1920", "value": "45.6%", "unit": "% of occupied dwelling units (owner-occupied)", "source": "census-homeownership-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Bureau decennial time series (owner.pdf). The low point of the early-century decline. Homeownership had been falling since 1900 (46.7%) as urbanization and renting increased. The 1920s boom would start the recovery.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 45.6 }, { "id": "us-1920s-household-net-worth", "panel": "day", "label": "Nonfarm household net worth, 1929", "value": "$406 billion", "unit": "aggregate net worth of nonfarm household sector, current dollars", "source": "goldsmith-balance-sheet", "tier": "D", "notes": "From Goldsmith, Lipsey & Mendelson (1963), Table 1, Sector I.1 (Nonfarm households). Total assets: $448B. Tangible assets: $158B. Financial assets: $291B. Debt: $42B. Net worth: $406B. The 1920s boom inflated financial assets to 65% of total — stocks and securities surged. After the 1929 crash, net worth would fall to $341B by 1939 (−16%). Aggregate — NOT median.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 406.0 }, { "id": "us-1920s-housing-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Home value, rooms, plumbing, electricity", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "census-decennial-pubs", "tier": "D", "notes": "No Census of Housing until 1940. Urban electrification was spreading rapidly in the 1920s; by 1930, ~85% of urban/non-farm homes had electricity. Rural electrification remained minimal (~11% of farms by 1935). Indoor plumbing was standard in new urban construction but rare in rural areas.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1920s-income-gap", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, 1920s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "census-hist-income-families", "tier": "D", "notes": "No national income survey before 1947. Manufacturing wages provide a proxy: $0.55/hr, ~47.4 hrs/week in 1920 ($26.02/week, ~$1,353/yr). By 1929: wages were similar in nominal terms but real wages had risen due to deflation. The NBER and Simon Kuznets produced retrospective national income estimates for the 1920s, but these are aggregate, not family-level.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1920s-life-expectancy", "panel": "day", "label": "Life expectancy at birth, 1919-21", "value": "56.3 male, 58.5 female (white)", "unit": "years", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series B 116-117 (white population, at birth). Up from 50.2/53.6 in 1909-11 — a gain of ~6 years in a decade. The 1920s would see further gains as public health measures (clean water, sanitation) expanded. By 1929-31: 59.1 male, 62.7 female.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1920s-manufacturing-wages", "panel": "day", "label": "Manufacturing production worker wages, 1920", "value": "$0.55/hr, 47.4 hrs/week, $26.02/wk", "unit": "USD, nominal (hourly earnings, weekly hours, weekly earnings)", "source": "hist-stats-wages-manufacturing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series D 802-804 (all manufacturing). Hourly: $0.55 (55 cents, exact), weekly hours: 47.4, weekly earnings: $26.02. By 1925: $0.54/hr, 44.5 hrs/week, $24.11/wk. By 1929: $0.56/hr, 44.2 hrs/week, $24.76/wk. The 1920s saw flat nominal wages but rising real wages (deflation) and shorter hours.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "manufacturing-wage-proxy" ], "amount_minor": 55, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1920, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1920s-married-women-lfpr", "panel": "day", "label": "Married women's labor force participation, 1920", "value": "~9.0%", "unit": "% of married women (husband present) in the civilian labor force", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series D 49-62. Down from ~10.7% in 1910 (the 1910 figure had enumerator-instruction issues; this 1920 figure is more reliable). Total female LFPR was 23.7%. The 'flapper' era saw more women working, but married women with husbands present remained mostly at home.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 9.0 }, { "id": "us-1920s-median-age-first-marriage", "panel": "day", "label": "Median age at first marriage, 1920", "value": "Men: 24.6, Women: 21.2", "unit": "years (median age at first marriage)", "source": "census-table-ms2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table MS-2. Decennial census. Both men and women marrying slightly younger than in 1910. The 1920s prosperity made earlier family formation possible.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 24.6 }, { "id": "us-1920s-radio-automobile", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Radio and automobile, 1920s", "value": "Radio: commercial broadcasting began 1920, ~40% of households by 1930. Automobile: ~26M registrations by 1930.", "unit": "n/a", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 2. Commercial radio began with KDKA (Pittsburgh) in November 1920. By 1930, ~40% of households had a radio — one of the fastest technology diffusions in history. Automobile registrations: 1910: ~458K, 1920: ~8.1M, 1930: ~26.7M. The Model T (1908-1927) made car ownership accessible to the middle class.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1920s-rent-index", "panel": "home", "label": "Rent, 1929 (index, 1982-84=100)", "value": "32.1 in 1929, up from 27.4 in 1920", "unit": "CPI-U rent-of-primary-residence index (1982-84=100), annual average", "source": "bls-api", "tier": "A", "notes": "BLS series CUUR0000SEHA. Rent kept rising for five years after other prices crashed, peaking at 34.6 in 1925 — the wartime housing shortage worked its way through leases and construction with a long lag — before easing to 32.1 by 1929. Across the decade rent rose 17% while food fell 21%: shelter took a visibly larger share of the household budget in 1929 than in 1920, without any change in what the family occupied.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 32.1 }, { "id": "us-1920s-telephone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Telephone diffusion, 1920s", "value": "~33 per 1,000 population (1925)", "unit": "telephones per 1,000 population", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 2, Series R 1-2. In 1925: ~33 per 1,000 population (~14.4 million total phones). Household percentage not directly reported until 1944. The 1920s saw rapid telephone expansion — the Bell System nearly tripled its subscriber base.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1920s-traffic-death-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Road deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles, 1920", "value": "25.54 deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "unit": "deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "source": "fhwa-fi200-2023", "tier": "A", "notes": "Twelve thousand people a year were being killed by then. The rate was already falling, because travel was growing faster than the toll.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1920, "basis": null, "quantity": 25.54 }, { "id": "us-1920s-work-buys-gap", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Share-of-family-income comparison, 1920s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "D", "notes": "No national median family income figure exists for this decade, so a share-of-income comparison cannot be computed. The hourly manufacturing-wage anchor does support hours-to-afford calculations for the priced records that follow.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "us", "decade": "1930s", "slug": "us-1930s", "wage_anchor": "us-1930s-manufacturing-wages", "income_anchor": "", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "us-1930s-car-price", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Average new car price, 1930", "value": "~$590 (average wholesale, computed from factory sales)", "unit": "USD, nominal (wholesale value per passenger car)", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "Computed from Historical Statistics, Series Q 148-162. 1930: 2,787,400 passenger cars sold at $1,644 million wholesale value = ~$590 average per car. The Depression crashed car sales — production fell from 4.5M (1929) to 2.8M (1930). Wholesale value; retail/transaction price would be higher. Population: all US factory sales of passenger cars.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 59000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1930, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1930s-cigarette-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult per capita cigarette consumption, 1930", "value": "1,485 cigarettes per adult per year", "unit": "cigarettes per adult (≥18 years) per year", "source": "cdc-mmwr-tobacco-surveillance", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC MMWR Surveillance Summary Vol. 43 No. SS-3, Table 1. Consumption doubled from 665 in 1920 despite the Depression. By 1939 it reached 1,900. Total U.S. consumption was 119.3 billion cigarettes in 1930.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1930, "basis": null, "quantity": 1485.0 }, { "id": "us-1930s-ethanol-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "Alcohol consumed per person, 1934", "value": "0.97 gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "unit": "gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "source": "niaaa-surveillance-122", "tier": "A", "notes": "Repeal took effect in December 1933, and 1934 is the first year the table can report again. The decade opens inside Prohibition, so 1934 rather than 1930 is its first published figure. Consumption resumed at well under half the 1911-1915 level and took until the 1940s to approach the pre-Prohibition range.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1934, "basis": null, "quantity": 0.97 }, { "id": "us-1930s-food-basket-gap", "panel": "table", "label": "The food basket, 1930s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "bls-1935-consumer-purchases", "tier": "D", "notes": "The BLS 1935-36 Consumer Purchases Survey collected detailed expenditure data, but it has not been transcribed into our data files. Wartime food controls and the 1935-36 survey bracket the decade. Food prices collapsed during the Depression (farm prices fell ~60% from 1929 to 1932).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1930s-food-price-index", "panel": "table", "label": "Food prices, 1939 (index, 1982-84=100)", "value": "11.8 in 1939, down from 16.5 in 1929", "unit": "CPI-U food index (1982-84=100), annual average", "source": "bls-api", "tier": "A", "notes": "BLS series CUUR0000SAF1. Food fell from 16.5 in 1929 to a trough of 10.4 in 1933 — a 37% collapse that returned the price of eating to its 1913 level, twenty years erased — and recovered only to 11.8 by 1939. Cheaper food did not mean a better-fed family: incomes fell faster and unemployment reached roughly a quarter of the labour force, which is precisely why this room still declares an income gap. Deflation is not affordability.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 11.8 }, { "id": "us-1930s-home-production-men", "panel": "day", "label": "Men's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1930", "value": "6.0", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age men (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 7, 'All Prime-Age Men' column. Early estimates from Purnell Act studies and Lundberg et al. (1934); 1965+ from AHTUS/BLS. Men's hours rose 13 hrs/week across the century (3.9→16.8), partially offsetting women's decline. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 6.0 }, { "id": "us-1930s-home-production-women", "panel": "day", "label": "Women's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1930", "value": "43.2", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age women (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 6A, 'All Prime-Age Women' column. Reconstruction from historical time-diary studies (Purnell Act 1920s, Wilson 1929, USDA 1944) linked to AHTUS/BLS surveys from 1965. Includes food prep, house cleaning, clothing care, childcare, purchasing, and household management. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated. Draft version (NBER w13985) has identical values. Splice caveat: Ramey measures women-specific home production ages 18-64; ATUS (2020s room) measures all-adult household activities age 15+ — a concept change that must caveat when plotted together.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 43.2 }, { "id": "us-1930s-homeownership", "panel": "home", "label": "Homeownership rate, 1930", "value": "47.8%", "unit": "% of occupied dwelling units (owner-occupied)", "source": "census-homeownership-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Bureau decennial time series (owner.pdf). Up from 45.6% in 1920 — the 1920s boom had raised the rate. The Depression would drive it down to 43.6% by 1940 (foreclosures, ~1,000/day at peak). The Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC, 1933) and FHA (1934) were created to stabilize the housing market.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 47.8 }, { "id": "us-1930s-household-net-worth", "panel": "day", "label": "Nonfarm household net worth, 1939", "value": "$341 billion", "unit": "aggregate net worth of nonfarm household sector, current dollars", "source": "goldsmith-balance-sheet", "tier": "D", "notes": "From Goldsmith, Lipsey & Mendelson (1963), Table 1, Sector I.1 (Nonfarm households). Total assets: $371B. Tangible assets: $145B. Financial assets: $232B. Debt: $30B. Net worth: $341B. The Depression destroyed ~$65B of household wealth (from $406B in 1929). Financial assets fell from $291B to $232B as stock values collapsed. Debt was actually reduced — from $42B to $30B — as households deleveraged. Aggregate — NOT median.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 341.0 }, { "id": "us-1930s-housing-gap", "panel": "home", "label": "Home value, rooms, plumbing, electricity", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "census-decennial-pubs", "tier": "D", "notes": "No Census of Housing until 1940. The 1930s saw the beginning of rural electrification (REA, 1936): ~11% of farms had electricity in 1935, rising to ~25% by 1940. Indoor plumbing remained rare in rural areas. New Deal housing programs built greenbelt towns and public housing.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1930s-income-gap", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, 1930s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "census-hist-income-families", "tier": "D", "notes": "No national family income survey before 1947. The 1940 Census asked about wage/salary income in 1939: median civilian wages of primary families was $1,389 (P-60 No. 1). Simon Kuznets produced retrospective national income estimates showing aggregate income fell ~47% from 1929 to 1932. Manufacturing wages: $0.55/hr in 1930, falling to $0.44/hr in 1933.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1930s-life-expectancy", "panel": "day", "label": "Life expectancy at birth, 1929-31", "value": "59.1 male, 62.7 female (white)", "unit": "years", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series B 116-117 (white population, at birth). Despite the Depression, life expectancy continued to rise: up from 56.3/58.5 in 1919-21. By 1939-41: 62.8 male, 67.3 female — the decade saw +3.7 male, +4.6 female years.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1930s-manufacturing-wages", "panel": "day", "label": "Manufacturing production worker wages, 1930 and 1933", "value": "1930: $0.55/hr, 42.1 hrs/wk, $23.00/wk | 1933: $0.44/hr, 38.1 hrs/wk, $16.65/wk", "unit": "USD, nominal (hourly earnings, weekly hours, weekly earnings)", "source": "hist-stats-wages-manufacturing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series D 802-804. The anchor year is 1930 ($0.55/hr, 55 cents exact). The Depression crushed wages: hourly earnings fell 20% from 1930 to 1933 ($0.44/hr), and weekly hours fell from 42.1 to 38.1 (part-time work, layoffs). Recovery: by 1935: $0.54/hr, 36.6 hrs/wk, $19.91/wk. The NIRA (1933) established minimum wages and maximum hours.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "manufacturing-wage-proxy" ], "amount_minor": 55, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1930, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1930s-married-women-lfpr", "panel": "day", "label": "Married women's labor force participation, 1930", "value": "~11.7%", "unit": "% of married women (husband present) in the civilian labor force", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series D 49-62. Total female LFPR was 24.3%. The Depression saw married women working more — sometimes by necessity, as male unemployment pushed families to find additional income. 'Fire the women' campaigns sought to push married women out of the workforce to free jobs for men.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 11.7 }, { "id": "us-1930s-median-age-first-marriage", "panel": "day", "label": "Median age at first marriage, 1930", "value": "Men: 24.3, Women: 21.3", "unit": "years (median age at first marriage)", "source": "census-table-ms2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table MS-2. Decennial census. Marriage ages held steady through the Depression — men at 24.3, women at 21.3. Economic hardship delayed some marriages but the median barely moved.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 24.3 }, { "id": "us-1930s-radio-automobile", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Radio and automobile, 1930s", "value": "Radio: ~40% of households (1930), ~80% by 1940. Automobile: ~26.7M registrations (1930).", "unit": "n/a", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 2. Radio was the dominant new technology of the era — FDR's fireside chats (1933- ) reached millions. Automobile registrations stagnated during the Depression (new car sales fell 75% from 1929 to 1932) but the installed base remained high.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1930s-rent-index", "panel": "home", "label": "Rent, 1939 (index, 1982-84=100)", "value": "23.7 in 1939, down from 31.2 in 1930", "unit": "CPI-U rent-of-primary-residence index (1982-84=100), annual average", "source": "bls-api", "tier": "A", "notes": "BLS series CUUR0000SEHA. Rent fell from 31.2 in 1930 to 21.4 in 1934-35, back to its 1913 level, and had recovered only to 23.7 by 1939. Shelter, the price that refused to fall in the 1920s, finally did — by 31%. Landlords cut rather than hold empty units, and the sticky line in the budget turned out to be sticky in both directions, just slower downward.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 23.7 }, { "id": "us-1930s-telephone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Telephone diffusion, 1930s", "value": "~41 per 1,000 population (1935)", "unit": "telephones per 1,000 population", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 2, Series R 1-2. In 1935: ~41 per 1,000 population (~16.2 million total phones). Telephone growth slowed during the Depression as households cut discretionary spending. By 1940: ~47 per 1,000. Household percentage not directly reported until 1944.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1930s-traffic-death-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Road deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles, 1930", "value": "15.12 deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "unit": "deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "source": "fhwa-fi200-2023", "tier": "A", "notes": "Thirty-one thousand deaths, with no federal crash standards for cars, no seat belts and no national safety agency.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1930, "basis": null, "quantity": 15.12 }, { "id": "us-1930s-work-buys-gap", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Share-of-family-income comparison, 1930s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "D", "notes": "No national median family income figure exists for this decade, so a share-of-income comparison cannot be computed. The hourly manufacturing-wage anchor does support hours-to-afford calculations for the priced records that follow.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "us", "decade": "1940s", "slug": "us-1940s", "wage_anchor": "us-1940s-hourly-earnings", "income_anchor": "us-1940s-median-income-four-person", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "us-1940s-1946-family-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average income of nonfarm families, 1946", "value": "~$3,000", "unit": "USD per year, nominal (urban and rural-nonfarm families)", "source": "census-p60-001", "tier": "A", "notes": "From P-60 No. 1 (1947): 'The average income of nonfarm families in 1946 was about $3,000.' Median total money income of urban and rural-nonfarm families and individuals: $2,410 (1944), $2,595 (1945), $2,659 (1946). This predates the CPS F-8 series (begins 1947) and covers nonfarm families only.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 3000.0 }, { "id": "us-1940s-average-family-size", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average family size, 1947", "value": "3.64", "unit": "persons per family", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. Declining from 3.64 in 1947 to 3.54 by 1950 as the postwar baby boom changed family composition.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 3.64 }, { "id": "us-1940s-cancer-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Cancer age-adjusted death rate, 1940", "value": "187.8 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-mortality-trends", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NCHS. Cancer was the 2nd leading cause of death. Smoking rates were rising, presaging the lung cancer epidemic.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 187.8 }, { "id": "us-1940s-car-price", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Average new car price, 1940", "value": "~$638 (average wholesale, computed from factory sales)", "unit": "USD, nominal (wholesale value per passenger car)", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "Computed from Historical Statistics, Series Q 148-162. 1940: 3,717,300 passenger cars sold at $2,370 million wholesale value = ~$638 average per car. Wartime production halted civilian car manufacturing (1942-45); no new cars were available for purchase during most of the 1940s. The 1940 price reflects the last pre-war price. Wholesale value; retail/transaction price would be higher. Population: all US factory sales of passenger cars.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 63800, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1940, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1940s-cigarette-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult per capita cigarette consumption, 1940", "value": "1,976 cigarettes per adult per year", "unit": "cigarettes per adult (≥18 years) per year", "source": "cdc-mmwr-tobacco-surveillance", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC MMWR Surveillance Summary Vol. 43 No. SS-3, Table 1. WWII drove massive increases — free cigarettes were distributed to soldiers. By 1945 consumption hit 3,449 per adult. Total U.S. consumption was 181.9 billion cigarettes in 1940.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1940, "basis": null, "quantity": 1976.0 }, { "id": "us-1940s-education", "panel": "day", "label": "Educational attainment, 1940", "value": "HS grad or more: 24.5%, Bachelor's or more: 4.6%, Less than 9th grade: 59.5%. Median school years: 8.6.", "unit": "% of population 25+ (all races, both sexes); median years completed", "source": "census-table-a1-a2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table A-1 (taba-1-educational-attainment.xlsx). Decennial census. In 1940, only 1 in 4 adults had a high school diploma and 60% had not completed 9th grade. Only 4.6% had a bachelor's degree. Median school years completed: 8.6 — roughly through 8th grade.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 24.5 }, { "id": "us-1940s-ethanol-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "Alcohol consumed per person, 1940", "value": "1.56 gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "unit": "gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "source": "niaaa-surveillance-122", "tier": "A", "notes": "Wartime. Consumption rose through the war years from this 1940 level, peaking at 2.30 in 1946.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1940, "basis": null, "quantity": 1.56 }, { "id": "us-1940s-expenditure-gap", "panel": "budget", "label": "Expenditure shares, 1940s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "D", "notes": "No Consumer Expenditure Survey was conducted for the 1940s. The CEX series runs 1960-61, then continuously from 1980. BLS Bulletin 1055 (1952) covers retail food prices 1939-50 but not full expenditure shares. The wartime economy (price controls, rationing, victory gardens) makes expenditure patterns non-comparable to peacetime decades.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1940s-food-basket-gap", "panel": "table", "label": "The food basket, 1940s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "n/a", "source": "bls-bulletin-1055-1952", "tier": "D", "notes": "BLS Bulletin 1055 (1952) covers retail food prices 1939-50 but does not provide a household food basket comparable to the CEX-based baskets in other rooms. The wartime economy (rationing from 1942-46, price controls) makes 1940s food expenditure patterns fundamentally different from peacetime decades. A food basket for the 1940s would need to be reconstructed from the 1942 wartime consumption survey, which is not yet in our source collection.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1940s-heart-disease-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Heart disease age-adjusted death rate, 1940", "value": "558.5 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-mortality-trends", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NCHS, Age-adjusted Death Rates for Selected Major Causes of Death (data.cdc.gov 6rkc-nb2q). Heart disease was rising rapidly, on its way to a mid-century peak.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 558.5 }, { "id": "us-1940s-heating-fuel", "panel": "home", "label": "House heating fuel, 1940", "value": "Coal 55%, wood 23%, fuel oil/kerosene 10%, utility gas 11%, other 1%", "unit": "% of occupied housing units reporting heating fuel", "source": "census-hist-housing-fuels", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1940 Census of Housing, Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel. Coal dominated American heating in 1940 — over half of all homes. Utility gas and bottled/LP gas were combined in 1940 (electricity was collected but not tabulated separately). By 1950, coal dropped to 35% as gas rose to 27%. Source: fuels1940.txt, www2.census.gov.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1940s-home-as-income-years", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Median home value as years of median family income, 1947", "value": "0.97 years ($2,938 home vs ~$3,031 income)", "unit": "years of median family income (nominal)", "source": "census-historical-housing-values", "tier": "C", "notes": "Computed: 1940 median home value ($2,938, from Census Historical Housing Tables) divided by 1947 median family income ($3,031, from F-8). A home cost roughly one year's income — the lowest ratio in the museum. Caveat: the home value is from 1940 and the income from 1947; wartime inflation had driven incomes up while the housing stock (and controlled prices) had not yet adjusted. By 1950: $7,354 home / $3,319 income = 2.2 years.", "assumptions": [ "affordability-normalization", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1940s-home-production-men", "panel": "day", "label": "Men's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1940", "value": "7.7", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age men (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 7, 'All Prime-Age Men' column. Early estimates from Purnell Act studies and Lundberg et al. (1934); 1965+ from AHTUS/BLS. Men's hours rose 13 hrs/week across the century (3.9→16.8), partially offsetting women's decline. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 7.7 }, { "id": "us-1940s-home-production-women", "panel": "day", "label": "Women's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1940", "value": "41.9", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age women (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 6A, 'All Prime-Age Women' column. Reconstruction from historical time-diary studies (Purnell Act 1920s, Wilson 1929, USDA 1944) linked to AHTUS/BLS surveys from 1965. Includes food prep, house cleaning, clothing care, childcare, purchasing, and household management. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated. Draft version (NBER w13985) has identical values. Splice caveat: Ramey measures women-specific home production ages 18-64; ATUS (2020s room) measures all-adult household activities age 15+ — a concept change that must caveat when plotted together.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 41.9 }, { "id": "us-1940s-homeownership-rate", "panel": "home", "label": "Homeownership rate, 1940", "value": "43.6%", "unit": "% of occupied dwelling units (owner-occupied)", "source": "census-homeownership-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Bureau decennial time series (owner.pdf). The 1940 rate was the lowest of the century — the Great Depression had driven it down from 47.8% in 1930. By 1950 it would surge to 55.0% with postwar GI Bill financing and suburban expansion.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 43.6 }, { "id": "us-1940s-hourly-earnings", "panel": "day", "label": "Average hourly earnings, production/nonsupervisory workers, 1947", "value": "$1.13", "unit": "USD per hour, nominal", "source": "bls-bulletin-1312-12", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS Bulletin 1312-12, Vol. II, p. 287, 'Average Hourly Earnings of Production or Nonsupervisory Workers on Private Nonagricultural Payrolls, TOTAL PRIVATE, in Current Dollars.' 1947 annual average: $1.131. This is the predecessor series to FRED AHETPI (which begins 1964).", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization", "wage-anchor-consistency" ], "amount_minor": 113, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1947, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1940s-household-net-worth", "panel": "day", "label": "Nonfarm household net worth, 1945", "value": "$592 billion", "unit": "aggregate net worth of nonfarm household sector, current dollars", "source": "goldsmith-balance-sheet", "tier": "D", "notes": "From Goldsmith, Lipsey & Mendelson (1963), Table 1, Sector I.1 (Nonfarm households). Total assets: $623B. Tangible assets: $200B (real estate $142B, consumer durables $41B). Financial assets: $423B. Debt: $31B. Net worth: $592B. WWII transformed the household balance sheet: financial assets surged to 68% of total as war bonds and savings deposits accumulated. Debt was minimal ($31B) — wartime controls suppressed consumer credit. Aggregate — NOT median. The Fed Z.1 series begins here (Q4 1945).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 592.0 }, { "id": "us-1940s-life-expectancy", "panel": "day", "label": "Life expectancy at birth, 1939-41 and 1949-51", "value": "1939-41: 62.8 male, 67.3 female | 1949-51: 66.3 male, 72.0 female", "unit": "years (white population)", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series B 116-117 (life expectancy at birth, white population). The 1940s saw dramatic gains: +3.5 years male, +4.7 years female in a single decade — driven by sulfa drugs, penicillin, and improved public health. For comparison: 1929-31 was 59.1 male, 62.7 female; 1900-02 was 48.2 male, 51.1 female.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1940s-manufacturing-earnings", "panel": "day", "label": "Average annual earnings, manufacturing production workers, 1947", "value": "$2,793", "unit": "USD per year, nominal (full-time equivalent)", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series D 740 (average annual earnings per full-time equivalent employee in manufacturing). 1947: $2,793; 1948: $3,038; 1949: $3,095; 1950: $3,302. Wartime manufacturing earnings: 1945: $2,517; 1944: $2,621. For context, median family income (all families) in 1947 was $3,031.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1940s-married-women-lfpr", "panel": "day", "label": "Married women's labor force participation, 1940", "value": "~13.8%", "unit": "% of married women (husband present) in the civilian labor force", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series D 49-62 (decennial). Total female LFPR was 27.4%. The wartime 'Rosie the Riveter' mobilization would temporarily push married women's participation much higher, but many were pushed out of jobs after the war. By 1948 (Series D 63-74, annual): 22.0% — the postwar surge is visible. The 1940s mark the beginning of the long-term shift from single-earner to dual-earner families.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 13.8 }, { "id": "us-1940s-median-age-first-marriage", "panel": "day", "label": "Median age at first marriage, 1940", "value": "Men: 24.3, Women: 21.5", "unit": "years (median age at first marriage)", "source": "census-table-ms2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table MS-2. Decennial census. War and postwar mobilization would push marriage ages down to the mid-century low (22.8/20.3 by 1950).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 24.3 }, { "id": "us-1940s-median-family-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, all families, 1947", "value": "$3,031", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8 (Table F-8, Size of Family--All Families by Median Income). All families: 37,240 thousand, median $3,031 ($35,010 in 2024 dollars). This is the first year of the CPS income series. By 1950: all-family median $3,319.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 3031.0 }, { "id": "us-1940s-median-gross-rent", "panel": "home", "label": "Median gross rent, 1940", "value": "$27/month", "unit": "USD, nominal (median gross rent, specified renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent)", "source": "census-hist-housing-rents", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables: Gross Rents (grossrents-unadj.txt). National median gross rent for specified renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent. In 2000 dollars: $284/month (CPI-U-RS adjusted).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 27.0 }, { "id": "us-1940s-median-home-value", "panel": "home", "label": "Median value of owner-occupied single-family homes, 1940", "value": "$2,938", "unit": "USD, nominal", "source": "census-historical-housing-values", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables (values-unadj.txt). National median value of owner-occupied homes. Adjusted for inflation: $30,600 in 2000 dollars. By 1950: $7,354 nominal — more than doubling as postwar construction and inflation reshaped the market.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 293800, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1940, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1940s-median-income-four-person", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, four-person families, 1947", "value": "$3,292", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. 4-person families: median $3,292 ($38,020 in 2024 dollars). By 1950: 4-person median $3,675. Average family size in 1947: 3.64 persons.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "four-person-normalization", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 329200, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1947, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 3292.0 }, { "id": "us-1940s-no-television", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Television diffusion, 1940s", "value": "~1% of households (1948), negligible before 1947", "unit": "% of households with television", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "Commercial television broadcasting began in the US in 1941 but was suspended during WWII. The Historical Statistics Vol 2 television series begins in 1950 at 9.0% of households. By the late 1940s, fewer than 1% of households had a TV set — the mass diffusion belongs to the 1950s. For the 1940s family, radio was the dominant broadcast medium.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 1.0 }, { "id": "us-1940s-number-of-families", "panel": "budget", "label": "Number of families in the United States, 1947", "value": "37,240,000", "unit": "families", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. All families: 37,240 thousand in 1947, rising to 39,930 thousand by 1950.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 37240000.0 }, { "id": "us-1940s-plumbing", "panel": "home", "label": "Complete plumbing facilities, 1940", "value": "54.7% of homes had complete plumbing (45.3% lacked)", "unit": "% of occupied housing units with hot/cold water + flush toilet + bathtub", "source": "census-hist-housing-plumbing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables: Plumbing (plumbing-tab.txt, US row: 15,852,098 of 35,026,442 occupied units lacking). Complete plumbing = hot and cold piped water + flush toilet + bathtub/shower for exclusive use. The 1940 Census of Housing was the first to ask about plumbing. 45.3% of American homes lacked complete plumbing — the worst point in the series. By 1950: 35.5% lacked (64.5% had). By 1960: 16.8% lacked (83.2% had). Rural areas were far worse: many farm homes still used outhouses and hand pumps. Figures verified against the Census time-series file 2026-07-07.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 54.7 }, { "id": "us-1940s-prewar-wages", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median civilian money wages and salaries, primary families, 1939", "value": "$1,389", "unit": "USD per year, nominal (wages and salaries only)", "source": "census-p60-001", "tier": "A", "notes": "From P-60 No. 1 (1947), reporting 1940 Census data. Median civilian money wages and salaries of primary families: $1,389 in 1939, rising to $2,697 by 1944 — nearly doubling during wartime. This is wages/salaries only, not total money income. The P-60 notes: 'The comparison of 1946, 1944, and 1939 income data is restricted to civilian money wages or salaries of primary families and individuals in private households because these were the family and income concepts used in the 1940 census.'", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 1389.0 }, { "id": "us-1940s-telephone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with telephone, 1944-1950", "value": "45.1% (1944) → 61.8% (1950)", "unit": "% of households with telephone", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 2, Series R 1-3 (telephones). Households with telephone: 1944: 45.1%; 1945: 46.2%; 1946: 51.4%; 1947: 54.9%; 1948: 58.2%; 1949: 60.2%; 1950: 61.8%. Total telephones in 1947: 34,867 thousand (239.7 per 1,000 population). The postwar surge added ~17 percentage points in six years as the Bell System expanded residential service.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1940s-traffic-death-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Road deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles, 1940", "value": "10.89 deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "unit": "deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "source": "fhwa-fi200-2023", "tier": "A", "notes": "Wartime rationing cut driving sharply — vehicle-miles fell 38 percent between 1941 and 1943 — and deaths fell almost exactly as far, by 40 percent. The rate barely moved: 11.43 in 1941, 10.92 in 1943. Fewer people died because less driving happened, not because driving got safer.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1940, "basis": null, "quantity": 10.89 }, { "id": "us-1940s-week-of-work-buys", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "What a week of manufacturing work bought, 1947", "value": "$53.71/week — a full year of it (×52) ≈ 92% of median family income", "unit": "weekly manufacturing earnings vs annual median family income", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "Computed: manufacturing FTE annual earnings ($2,793, Historical Statistics Series D740) ÷ 52 = $53.71/week. × 52 = $2,793, which is 92.1% of the all-family median income ($3,031, Census F-8). A single manufacturing wage nearly covered the median family's income — the 8% gap implies a small second income or overtime. Compare 1950: 83%. Source splice: annual earnings (D740) vs weekly hours (not separately published for 1947); the annual figure is the official series.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null } ], "derived": [] }, { "country": "us", "decade": "1950s", "slug": "us-1950s", "wage_anchor": "us-1950s-hourly-earnings-manufacturing", "income_anchor": "us-1950s-median-income-four-person", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "us-1950s-all-family-income-real-2024", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "All-family median income, 1950 (in 2024 dollars)", "value": "$35,290", "unit": "USD per year, real (C-CPI-U-RS adjusted, Census F-8 2024-dollar column)", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table F-8's own 2024-dollar column (C-CPI-U-RS adjusted). The nominal 1950 all-family median was $3,319; this is the same income adjusted to 2024 purchasing power by the source's own deflator, not by the repo's CPI-U series (which would give a different result). Used as the denominator for the cross-room real-income-growth derived fact in the 2020s room.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 3529000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 2024, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 35290.0 }, { "id": "us-1950s-annual-earnings", "panel": "day", "label": "Implied average annual earnings, manufacturing, 1950", "value": "$2,673", "unit": "USD per year, nominal (computed: $53.46 × 50 weeks)", "source": "fred-ces-manuf-earnings", "tier": "A", "notes": "The rounded hourly-rate and weekly-hours inputs imply $53.46 weekly earnings; multiplying by an assumed 50 paid weeks gives $2,673. The 50-week convention is not observed annual employment and this is not an official annual earnings series. Comparing this worker illustration with a separate family-income distribution does not identify family earners or financing.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1950s-average-family-size", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average family size, 1950", "value": "3.54", "unit": "persons per family", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Table F-8, all families, row 86, column G.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 3.54 }, { "id": "us-1950s-cancer-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Cancer age-adjusted death rate, 1950", "value": "193.9 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-mortality-trends", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NCHS. Cancer mortality rose steadily through mid-century, driven by lung cancer from the smoking epidemic.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 193.9 }, { "id": "us-1950s-car-price", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Average new car price, 1950", "value": "~$1,295 (average wholesale, computed from factory sales)", "unit": "USD, nominal (wholesale value per passenger car)", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "Computed from Historical Statistics, Series Q 148-162 (source: Automobile Manufacturers Association, Automobile Facts and Figures). 1950: 6,666,000 passenger cars sold at $8,633,272,000 wholesale value = ~$1,295 average per car. Verified against Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1953, Table 615 (Motor Vehicles—Factory Sales and Registrations: 1900 to 1951), p.533 — identical figures. A Ford Custom retailed at ~$1,511 in 1950 (secondary sources: Reader's Digest, Fifties Web, Brilliantio — all consistent); included as narrative context for the retail price a family would actually pay. Wholesale value; retail/transaction price would be higher (dealer markup). Population: all US factory sales of passenger cars.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 129500, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1950, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1950s-central-heating-diffusion", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with central heating, 1950", "value": "50.0%", "unit": "% of occupied dwelling units with central heating (20,870,000 of 41,702,000 reporting)", "source": "census-hc5-02-1950", "tier": "A", "notes": "From 1950 Census of Housing, HC-5 No. 2, Table 3. OCR'd from scanned image PDF. Up from 42.0% in 1940. Coal was the primary heating fuel (45.5% of central heating). 50.0% had non-central heating or no heating.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 50.0 }, { "id": "us-1950s-cigarette-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult per capita cigarette consumption, 1950", "value": "3,552 cigarettes per adult per year", "unit": "cigarettes per adult (≥18 years) per year", "source": "cdc-mmwr-tobacco-surveillance", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC MMWR Surveillance Summary Vol. 43 No. SS-3, Table 1. Smoking was at near-peak levels. The 1964 Surgeon General's Report was still 14 years away. By 1953 consumption briefly dipped to 3,778 before resuming. Total U.S. consumption was 369.8 billion cigarettes in 1950.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1950, "basis": null, "quantity": 3552.0 }, { "id": "us-1950s-cpi", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Consumer Price Index, 1950", "value": "24.1", "unit": "CPI-U, 1982-84=100, annual average", "source": "fred-cpiaucns", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FRED CPIAUCNS (not seasonally adjusted). Annual average of 12 monthly observations for 1950. BLS CPI-U for All Urban Consumers.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1950, "basis": null, "quantity": 24.1 }, { "id": "us-1950s-education", "panel": "day", "label": "Educational attainment, 1950", "value": "HS grad or more: 34.3%, Bachelor's or more: 6.2%, Less than 9th grade: 47.0%. Median school years: 9.3.", "unit": "% of population 25+ (all races, both sexes); median years completed", "source": "census-table-a1-a2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table A-1. Decennial census. Up from 24.5% HS grad in 1940. Nearly half of adults still had less than a 9th-grade education. Median school years: 9.3 — cross-validated against 1956 County and City Data Book (item 10: median school years completed = 9.3, exact match).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 34.3 }, { "id": "us-1950s-electricity-diffusion", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with electric lighting, 1950", "value": "94.0%", "unit": "% of dwelling units with electric lights (42,264,000 of 44,942,000 reporting)", "source": "census-hc5-02-1950", "tier": "A", "notes": "From 1950 Census of Housing, HC-5 No. 2, Table 2. OCR'd from scanned image PDF. Up from 78.7% in 1940. 6.0% had no electric lights. Urban: 96.7%, rural nonfarm: 90.4%, rural farm: 77.7%. The rural electrification gap was closing but still significant.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 94.0 }, { "id": "us-1950s-ethanol-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "Alcohol consumed per person, 1950", "value": "2.04 gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "unit": "gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "source": "niaaa-surveillance-122", "tier": "A", "notes": "Back to roughly the pre-Prohibition level for the first time since 1919, and close to flat across the decade.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1950, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.04 }, { "id": "us-1950s-food-basket", "panel": "table", "label": "Food basket and expenditure breakdown, 1960-61 (CEX)", "value": "Food $1,309/yr (24.3% of expenditure), housing $1,594 (29.6%), food away from home $274, local telephone $69/yr. Total expenditure: $5,393.", "unit": "USD per family per year, nominal (urban families, 1960-61)", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1960-61 Consumer Expenditure Survey data tables (ce_196061_tables.pdf, p.8), OCR'd via GLM-OCR. US average for all urban families. Food share dropped from 42.54% (1901) to 24.3% (1960-61) — Engels' Law. Housing became the largest category at 29.6%. The survey also shows durable goods ownership (p.15): TV 91.4%, refrigerator 84.7%, washing machine 70.0%, air conditioner 18.8%, clothes dryer 18.4%, dishwasher 5.7%, food freezer 15.3%. TV adoption went from 12.3% (1950 Census) to 91.4% (1960-61) in one decade.", "assumptions": [ "income-vs-consumption", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 24.3 }, { "id": "us-1950s-food-prices", "panel": "table", "label": "Retail food prices, 1950 (annual average)", "value": "Flour 49.1¢/5lb, bread 14.3¢/lb, round steak 93.6¢/lb, rib roast 74.3¢/lb, pork chops 75.4¢/lb, bacon 63.7¢/lb, butter 72.9¢/lb, milk 20.6¢/qt, eggs 60.4¢/doz, sugar 10.2¢/lb, coffee 79.4¢/lb, potatoes 5.9¢/lb", "unit": "cents per unit, nominal (56 large U.S. cities)", "source": "bls-bulletin-1055-1952", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS Bulletin No. 1055, Table 4 (p.9), 'Average retail prices of principal foods in large cities combined, by month, 1950.' Text layer extracted directly via pymupdf — no OCR needed. Annual averages across 56 cities. For comparison with 1901: flour was ~49¢/5lb (the 1903 report collected prices 1890-1902 but per-item prices are in the full 18th Annual Report tables, not the Bulletin summary). For comparison with 2024 (corrected BLS API labels): bread 14.3¢→$1.91/lb (13.4x), ground beef 93.6¢→$5.58/lb (6.0x), bacon 63.7¢→$6.92/lb (10.9x), eggs 60.4¢→$4.15/doz (6.9x).", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1950s-heart-disease-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Heart disease age-adjusted death rate, 1950", "value": "588.8 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-mortality-trends", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NCHS. This is the all-time U.S. peak for heart disease mortality. Heart disease was the leading cause of death throughout the decade. The Framingham Heart Study (begun 1948) was identifying risk factors.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 588.8 }, { "id": "us-1950s-heating-fuel", "panel": "home", "label": "House heating fuel, 1950", "value": "Coal 35%, utility gas 27%, fuel oil/kerosene 23%, wood 10%, bottled/LP gas 2%, electricity 1%", "unit": "% of occupied housing units reporting heating fuel", "source": "census-hist-housing-fuels", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1950 Census of Housing, Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel. Coal was still the leading fuel at 35% but dropping rapidly (from 55% in 1940). Utility gas rose from 11% (1940) to 27% (1950) as pipeline networks expanded. Electricity was barely present (0.7%). Source: fuels1950.txt, www2.census.gov.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1950s-home-production-men", "panel": "day", "label": "Men's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1950", "value": "9.0", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age men (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 7, 'All Prime-Age Men' column. Early estimates from Purnell Act studies and Lundberg et al. (1934); 1965+ from AHTUS/BLS. Men's hours rose 13 hrs/week across the century (3.9→16.8), partially offsetting women's decline. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 9.0 }, { "id": "us-1950s-home-production-women", "panel": "day", "label": "Women's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1950", "value": "41.5", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age women (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 6A, 'All Prime-Age Women' column. Reconstruction from historical time-diary studies (Purnell Act 1920s, Wilson 1929, USDA 1944) linked to AHTUS/BLS surveys from 1965. Includes food prep, house cleaning, clothing care, childcare, purchasing, and household management. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated. Draft version (NBER w13985) has identical values. Splice caveat: Ramey measures women-specific home production ages 18-64; ATUS (2020s room) measures all-adult household activities age 15+ — a concept change that must caveat when plotted together.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 41.5 }, { "id": "us-1950s-homeownership-rate", "panel": "home", "label": "Homeownership rate, 1950", "value": "55.0%", "unit": "% of occupied housing units that are owner-occupied", "source": "census-homeownership-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Bureau decennial time series (owner.pdf). National homeownership rate. Up from 43.6% in 1940 (Great Depression low).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 55.0 }, { "id": "us-1950s-hourly-earnings-manufacturing", "panel": "day", "label": "Average hourly earnings, manufacturing production workers, 1950", "value": "$1.32", "unit": "USD per hour, nominal", "source": "fred-ces-manuf-earnings", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted BLS observations for 1950, retrieved 2026-09-07. Rounded once to the displayed precision; each month/year and the series identifier are guarded by the audit.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization", "wage-anchor-consistency" ], "amount_minor": 132, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1950, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1950s-household-net-worth", "panel": "day", "label": "Household sector net worth, 1950", "value": "$1,171 billion", "unit": "aggregate net worth, households + nonprofit organizations, current dollars", "source": "fed-z1", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FRED TNWBSHNO (Fed Z.1 Table B.101.h, Q4 1950). Total assets: $1,248B. Total liabilities: $77B. Net worth: $1,171B. Up from $807B in 1945 (Z.1) / $592B (Goldsmith nonfarm). Liabilities were only 6% of assets — the lowest debt-to-asset ratio in the series. Aggregate — NOT median.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 1171.0 }, { "id": "us-1950s-households-using-broccoli", "panel": "day", "label": "Households using fresh broccoli in a week, spring 1955", "value": "4.6% of households (2.8% of one-person households)", "unit": "% of housekeeping households using the item at home in one week", "source": "usda-hfcs-1955-report1", "tier": "A", "notes": "The USDA's 1955 Household Food Consumption Survey recorded what food came into the kitchen in one spring week, April-June. Fewer than one housekeeping household in twenty brought fresh broccoli home; in the under-$2,000 income classes about one in a hundred did, against roughly one in nine at $8,000-9,999 — a sharper income gradient than any other vegetable in the table. Same table, same week: 51.5% of households used carrots and 21.0% used green peppers, and 69.4% used something from the dark-green-and-deep-yellow group as a whole. 'Using' is the survey's economic sense — food eaten, discarded, or fed to pets, from all sources including home gardens — and it is a spring week, when greens were coming into season. Verification: the row is the survey's own size-weighted mean (its Table 1 weights, one-person households 369 of 4,556) and reconciles to the printed decimal; see the verification log. The liftoff this card confronts begins five years later, in the 1960s room's availability card, where the ERS series starts at 0.40 pounds per person.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1955, "basis": null, "quantity": 4.6 }, { "id": "us-1950s-housing-expenditure-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Housing as share of urban wage-earner budget, 1950", "value": "~11%", "unit": "share of total family expenditure", "source": "umizzou-prices-wages", "tier": "C", "notes": "From the University of Missouri Prices and Wages guide, 1950-1959 page, citing BLS. This measures urban wage-earner families, not all families — the population is narrower than the Census median. Tier C because the underlying BLS source is a proxy population.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "income-vs-consumption" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 11.0 }, { "id": "us-1950s-infant-mortality", "panel": "day", "label": "Infant mortality rate, 1950", "value": "29.2 per 1,000 live births", "unit": "deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births", "source": "nchs-nvss", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS, Health, United States, 2016, Table 11 (Infant mortality rates, by race: United States, selected years 1950-2015). All races. Down from ~100 in 1900. Neonatal (under 28 days): 20.5; postneonatal (28-364 days): 8.7. The 1950s saw slow decline (1% per year) as postneonatal gains plateaued.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 29.2 }, { "id": "us-1950s-married-women-lfpr", "panel": "day", "label": "Married women's labor force participation, 1950", "value": "23.8%", "unit": "% of married women (husband present) in the civilian labor force", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "Population-level participation of married women. Labor-force participation includes employment and unemployment; it does not classify families by the number of earners or establish a household transition.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 23.8 }, { "id": "us-1950s-median-age-first-marriage", "panel": "day", "label": "Median age at first marriage, 1950", "value": "Men: 22.8, Women: 20.3", "unit": "years (median age at first marriage)", "source": "census-table-ms2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table MS-2. CPS ASEC (1947+). The mid-century low — men married at 22.8, women at 20.3. This is the youngest marriage age in the entire 1890-2023 series. The postwar economic boom and GI Bill enabled early family formation. By 1960: 22.8/20.3 (same).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 22.8 }, { "id": "us-1950s-median-gross-rent", "panel": "home", "label": "Median gross rent, 1950", "value": "$42/month", "unit": "USD, nominal (median gross rent, specified renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent)", "source": "census-hist-housing-rents", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables: Gross Rents (grossrents-unadj.txt). Up from $27 in 1940. In 2000 dollars: $257/month. Alaska and Hawaii not included in 1950 US total.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 42.0 }, { "id": "us-1950s-median-home-value", "panel": "home", "label": "Median home value, 1950", "value": "$7,354", "unit": "USD, nominal", "source": "census-historical-housing-values", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Census of Housing Tables: Home Values (values-unadj.txt), US row 1950: $7,354. Median value of owner-occupied single-family homes. Upgraded C→A: sourced directly to the primary Census table (was formerly the University of Missouri Prices and Wages secondary guide, which cites the same Census figure).", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization", "hours-vs-income-denominator" ], "amount_minor": 735400, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1950, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1950s-median-income-all-families", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, all families, 1950", "value": "$3,319", "unit": "USD per year, nominal, money income before tax", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "All-family median from Table F-8 (All Races), row 86. Downloaded as f08ar.xlsx — verified 4-person column covers 1947→. CPS money income.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization" ], "amount_minor": 331900, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1950, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 3319.0 }, { "id": "us-1950s-median-income-four-person", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, four-person families, 1950", "value": "$3,675", "unit": "USD per year, nominal, money income before tax", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "Four-person family median from Table F-8 (All Races), 'Families with Four People' section, row 335. The 4-person column covers the full 1947→ window — no normalization assumption needed for this decade.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "four-person-normalization", "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization" ], "amount_minor": 367500, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1950, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 3675.0 }, { "id": "us-1950s-median-income-metro", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, 4-person families, metropolitan areas, 1950", "value": "$3,250", "unit": "USD per year, nominal (IPUMS INCTOT, weighted by HHWT)", "source": "ipums-usa", "tier": "B", "notes": "Computed from IPUMS USA 1950 1% sample (us1950a). METRO codes 3+4 combined. N=13,708 4-person families. Weighted median. See budget panel header for methodology and caveats.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "four-person-normalization", "nominal-values", "metropolitan-definition" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 3250.0 }, { "id": "us-1950s-median-income-nonmetro", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, 4-person families, non-metropolitan areas, 1950", "value": "$2,350", "unit": "USD per year, nominal (IPUMS INCTOT, weighted by HHWT)", "source": "ipums-usa", "tier": "B", "notes": "Computed from IPUMS USA 1950 1% sample (us1950a). METRO code 1. N=9,045 4-person families. Weighted median. Non-metro families earned 28% less than metro families.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "four-person-normalization", "nominal-values", "metropolitan-definition" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 2350.0 }, { "id": "us-1950s-median-income-suburban", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, 4-person families, suburban (metro not central city), 1950", "value": "$3,350", "unit": "USD per year, nominal (IPUMS INCTOT, weighted by HHWT)", "source": "ipums-usa", "tier": "B", "notes": "Computed from IPUMS USA 1950 1% sample (us1950a). METRO code 3 (in metro area, not central city). N=11,762 4-person families. Suburban families earned 42% more than non-metro families. The suburban income advantage was already evident in 1950.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "four-person-normalization", "nominal-values", "metropolitan-definition" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 3350.0 }, { "id": "us-1950s-metro-nonmetro-gap", "panel": "budget", "label": "Metro vs non-metro income gap, 4-person families, 1950", "value": "$900 (38% metro premium)", "unit": "difference in weighted median family income", "source": "ipums-usa", "tier": "B", "notes": "Computed: metro median ($3,250) minus non-metro median ($2,350) = $900. Metro families earned 38% more than non-metro. For comparison, in 1940 the gap was $1,020 (212%) — the postwar boom dramatically narrowed the metro/non-metro income gap. 1940 data uses INCWAGE (wage income only) from IPUMS 1940 1% sample (us1940a).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "four-person-normalization", "nominal-values", "metropolitan-definition" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 900.0 }, { "id": "us-1950s-number-of-families", "panel": "budget", "label": "Number of families in the United States, 1950", "value": "39,930,000", "unit": "families", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Table F-8, all families, row 86. CPS estimate as of March 1951.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 39930000.0 }, { "id": "us-1950s-plumbing", "panel": "home", "label": "Complete plumbing facilities, 1950", "value": "64.5% of homes had complete plumbing (35.5% lacked)", "unit": "% of occupied housing units with hot/cold water + flush toilet + bathtub", "source": "census-hist-housing-plumbing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables: Plumbing (plumbing-tab.txt, US row). Down from 45.3% lacking in 1940 to 35.5% lacking in 1950 (15,772,717 of 44,502,192 occupied units) — the postwar building boom and suburban expansion were starting to close the gap, but more than one in three American homes still lacked complete plumbing. Rural areas lagged badly. By 1960: 16.8% lacked (83.2% had). Figures verified against the Census time-series file 2026-07-07.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 64.5 }, { "id": "us-1950s-radio-diffusion", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with radio, 1950", "value": "95.6%", "unit": "% of dwelling units with a radio (40,093,000 of 41,932,000 reporting)", "source": "census-hc5-02-1950", "tier": "A", "notes": "From 1950 Census of Housing, HC-5 No. 2, Table 2. OCR'd from scanned image PDF at 400 DPI. Up from 82.8% in 1940. Urban: 96.0%, rural nonfarm: 93.2%, rural farm: 93.1%. Preliminary sample data — sampling variability ~8%.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 95.6 }, { "id": "us-1950s-refrigerator-diffusion", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with mechanical refrigeration, 1950", "value": "80.0%", "unit": "% of dwelling units with mechanical refrigeration (33,521,000 of 41,903,000 reporting)", "source": "census-hc5-02-1950", "tier": "A", "notes": "From 1950 Census of Housing, HC-5 No. 2, Table 2. OCR'd from scanned image PDF. Up from 44.0% in 1940 — mechanical refrigeration nearly doubled in a decade. Additionally 10.7% had ice refrigeration, 0.6% other, 8.7% none. Urban: 83.1%, rural nonfarm: 71.7%, rural farm: 60.9%.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 80.0 }, { "id": "us-1950s-stroke-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Stroke age-adjusted death rate, 1950", "value": "180.7 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-mortality-trends", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NCHS. Stroke was the 3rd leading cause of death. Effective antihypertensive drugs did not yet exist.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 180.7 }, { "id": "us-1950s-teen-birth-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Births per 1,000 women aged 15-19, 1950", "value": "81.6 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19", "unit": "live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19", "source": "nchs-hus-2019-table1", "tier": "A", "notes": "The rate is not a measure of teenage sex; it is births per thousand women aged 15 to 19, and in 1950 most of those births were to married women. Nearly one in twelve women in the age band gave birth that year.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1950, "basis": null, "quantity": 81.6 }, { "id": "us-1950s-telephone-automobile", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Telephone and automobile adoption, 1950", "value": "Telephone: 61.8% of households (280.9 per 1,000 population). Automobile: registration data available but not asked in 1950 Census.", "unit": "% of households with telephone; per 1,000 population", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 2, Series R 1-3 (p.191, OCR'd via GLM-OCR): 1950 had 43,004,000 telephones = 280.9 per 1,000 population = 61.8% of households. The 1950 Census of Housing did NOT ask about telephone or automobile ownership (these were added in 1960). By 1960: 78.3% of households had telephones; by 1970: 90.5%. Motor vehicle registration data (Series Q 152-155) is available but measured total registrations, not household adoption rate.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "urban-rural-split" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 61.8 }, { "id": "us-1950s-television-arrival", "panel": "home", "label": "Television in the home, 1950", "value": "arriving — 12.3% of households (1950 census)", "unit": "% of households with TV", "source": "census-hc5-02-1950", "tier": "A", "notes": "From 1950 Census of Housing, HC-5 No. 2, Table 1. OCR'd from scanned image PDF at 400 DPI. TV was new — the 1940 census did not ask about it. Urban: 13.7%, rural nonfarm: 6.8%, rural farm: 3.0%. See diffusion panel for full detail.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 12.3 }, { "id": "us-1950s-traffic-death-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Road deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles, 1950", "value": "7.24 deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "unit": "deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "source": "fhwa-fi200-2023", "tier": "A", "notes": "Absolute deaths were close to where they had been in 1930 — 33,186 against 31,204 — while travel had more than doubled, from 206,320 million vehicle-miles to 458,246 million. The falling rate is that denominator, not fewer funerals.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1950, "basis": null, "quantity": 7.24 }, { "id": "us-1950s-tv-diffusion", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with television, 1950", "value": "12.3%", "unit": "% of dwelling units with a TV (5,120,000 of 41,704,000 reporting)", "source": "census-hc5-02-1950", "tier": "A", "notes": "From 1950 Census of Housing, HC-5 No. 2, Table 1. OCR'd from scanned image PDF. Urban: 13.7%, rural nonfarm: 6.8%, rural farm: 3.0%. TV was new — the 1940 census did not ask about it. By 1960, TV ownership exceeded 87%.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 12.3 }, { "id": "us-1950s-week-of-work-buys", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "What a week of manufacturing work bought, 1950", "value": "$53.46/week — a full year of it (×52) ≈ 84% of median family income", "unit": "weekly manufacturing earnings vs annual median family income", "source": "fred-ces-manuf-earnings", "tier": "A", "notes": "The product of the rounded hourly wage and weekly-hours observations for manufacturing production workers is $53.46. Assuming 52 paid weeks gives $2,779.92, or 83.8% of the all-family median income of $3,319 (Census F-8). Worker and family survey populations differ. This illustrative ratio does not establish household needs, income sufficiency, or the number of earners in a family.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1950s-weekly-hours-manufacturing", "panel": "day", "label": "Average weekly hours, manufacturing production workers, 1950", "value": "40.5", "unit": "hours per week", "source": "fred-awhman", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted BLS observations for 1950, retrieved 2026-09-07. Rounded once to the displayed precision; each month/year and the series identifier are guarded by the audit.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 40.5 } ], "derived": [ { "id": "us-1950s-home-as-income-years", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Median home value as years of median family income, 1950", "unit": "years of four-person median family income", "op": "ratio", "numerator": "us-1950s-median-home-value", "denominator": "us-1950s-median-income-four-person", "precision": 1, "notes": "The home value is Tier C (secondary source), so the ratio is too — the weakest input wins, mechanically. For the 2020s counterpart see us-2020s-home-as-income-years; the number is deliberately not repeated here (hand-quoted cross-room echoes rot — one did, in this very note, before plan 006).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization", "hours-vs-income-denominator" ], "inflate_series": "", "inflate_from_year": 0, "inflate_to_year": 0, "count_series": [], "threshold": null, "at_year": null, "value": "≈ 2.0", "computed_value": 2.00108843537415, "computed_amount_minor": null, "computed_currency": null, "tier": "A", "inflation": null }, { "id": "us-1950s-purchasing-power", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Purchasing power: $1 in 1950 vs 2024", "unit": "CPI-U ratio (313.7 / 24.1)", "op": "quantity_ratio", "numerator": "us-2020s-cpi", "denominator": "us-1950s-cpi", "precision": 2, "notes": "Computed: 2024 CPI-U annual average (313.7) divided by 1950 CPI-U annual average (24.1). This means a good costing $1 in 1950 would cost approximately $13.02 in 2024, assuming the same relative price. Cross-room derived fact: numerator is in the 2020s room.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "inflate_series": "", "inflate_from_year": 0, "inflate_to_year": 0, "count_series": [], "threshold": null, "at_year": null, "value": "≈ 13.02", "computed_value": 13.016597510373442, "computed_amount_minor": null, "computed_currency": null, "tier": "A", "inflation": null }, { "id": "us-1950s-weekly-earnings", "panel": "day", "label": "Implied average weekly earnings, manufacturing, 1950", "unit": "USD per week, nominal (computed: hourly rate x weekly hours)", "op": "product", "numerator": "us-1950s-hourly-earnings-manufacturing", "denominator": "us-1950s-weekly-hours-manufacturing", "precision": 2, "notes": "Computed: average hourly earnings ($1.32) x average weekly hours (40.5) = $53.46. The BLS's own weekly earnings series (CES3000000030) gives $53.33 for 1950, computed from unrounded monthly averages; the derived fact uses the rounded annual averages stored in the fact model, so the result differs slightly. This is the honest computation from the structured inputs.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "inflate_series": "", "inflate_from_year": 0, "inflate_to_year": 0, "count_series": [], "threshold": null, "at_year": null, "value": "≈ $53.46", "computed_value": 53.46, "computed_amount_minor": 5346.0, "computed_currency": "USD", "tier": "A", "inflation": null } ] }, { "country": "us", "decade": "1960s", "slug": "us-1960s", "wage_anchor": "us-1960s-hourly-earnings", "income_anchor": "us-1960s-median-family-income", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "us-1960s-affordability", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Consumer Price Index and real income growth, 1960-2024", "value": "CPI 29.6 (1960) → 313.7 (2024) = 10.6x. Real median family income grew 1.77x.", "unit": "CPI index (1982-84=100) and real growth factor", "source": "bls-cpi", "tier": "A", "notes": "CPI from BLS series CUUR0000SA0 (confirmed via BLS API). 1960: 29.6. 2024: 313.7. Ratio: 10.6x. Nominal median family income: $5,620 (1960) → $105,800 (2024) = 18.8x. Real growth: 18.8/10.6 = 1.77x. For comparison: 1950-2024 CPI ratio was 13.0x, real growth 3.1x — the 1960s-2020s saw slower real income growth than the 1950s-2020s.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1960s-air-conditioning", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Air conditioning, 1960-61", "value": "18.8% of households had air conditioning", "unit": "% of urban families with air conditioner", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CEX 1960-61 (ce_196061_tables.pdf, p.15, OCR'd via GLM-OCR). AC was still a luxury in 1960 — mostly window units. By 1978 (first RECS), 23% had central AC alone. The diffusion arc: 18.8% (1960) → 68% (1993) → 87% (2009) → 88% (2020).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 18.8 }, { "id": "us-1960s-availability-bell-peppers", "panel": "table", "label": "Bell peppers available per person, 1960", "value": "2.08 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh bell peppers. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. The first year ERS publishes for this commodity.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1960, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.08 }, { "id": "us-1960s-availability-broccoli", "panel": "table", "label": "Broccoli available per person, 1960", "value": "0.4 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh broccoli. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. The first year ERS publishes for this commodity.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1960, "basis": null, "quantity": 0.4 }, { "id": "us-1960s-average-family-size", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average family size, 1960", "value": "3.7", "unit": "persons per family", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8 (Table F-8). Down from 3.54 in 1950 — families were shrinking as the baby boom ended. By 1970: 3.57.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 3.7 }, { "id": "us-1960s-cancer-survival", "panel": "table", "label": "Cancer 5-year relative survival rate, early 1960s", "value": "39% (White population)", "unit": "% surviving 5 years after diagnosis (relative survival)", "source": "acs-cancer-facts-figures-2024", "tier": "D", "notes": "From American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures 2024. Pre-SEER data from the NCI End Results Group (predecessor to SEER, 1956-72). Tier D: scholarly estimate based on pre-SEER registries.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 39.0 }, { "id": "us-1960s-car-price", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Average new car price, 1960", "value": "~$1,822 (average wholesale, computed from factory sales)", "unit": "USD, nominal (wholesale value per passenger car)", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "Computed from Historical Statistics, Series Q 148-162. 1960: 6,674,700 passenger cars sold at $12,164 million wholesale value = ~$1,822 average per car. Wholesale value; retail/transaction price would be higher. The BEA transaction price series begins 1970 ($3,543), providing the first actual consumer-price benchmark. Population: all US factory sales of passenger cars.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 182200, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1960, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1960s-cigarette-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult per capita cigarette consumption, 1963 (peak)", "value": "4,345 cigarettes per adult per year (1963 peak)", "unit": "cigarettes per adult (≥18 years) per year", "source": "cdc-mmwr-tobacco-surveillance", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC MMWR Surveillance Summary Vol. 43 No. SS-3, Table 1. 1963 was the all-time U.S. peak for per capita cigarette consumption. The Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health (January 1964) triggered a sharp decline — consumption fell to 4,194 in 1964 and continued declining.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1963, "basis": null, "quantity": 4345.0 }, { "id": "us-1960s-education", "panel": "day", "label": "Educational attainment, 1960", "value": "HS grad or more: 41.0%, Bachelor's or more: 7.7%, Less than 9th grade: 39.7%. Median school years: 10.6.", "unit": "% of population 25+ (all races, both sexes); median years completed", "source": "census-table-a1-a2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table A-1. Decennial census. HS graduation crossed 40% for the first time. Less-than-9th-grade dropped below 40%. Median school years: 10.6 — roughly through 10th grade. The GI Bill and expanding public education were transforming attainment.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 41.0 }, { "id": "us-1960s-ethanol-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "Alcohol consumed per person, 1960", "value": "2.07 gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "unit": "gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "source": "niaaa-surveillance-122", "tier": "A", "notes": "Beer and wine were near-flat across the decade; the rise that followed came from spirits, which reached 1.11 gallons per head by 1970.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1960, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.07 }, { "id": "us-1960s-expenditure-breakdown", "panel": "budget", "label": "Expenditure breakdown, 1960-61", "value": "Food 24.3%, housing 29.6%, food away from home 5.1%, local telephone $69/yr", "unit": "% of total expenditure ($5,393)", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CEX 1960-61 (ce_196061_tables.pdf, p.8). Food $1,309 (24.3%), housing $1,594 (29.6%), shelter/fuel/light $991, food away from home $274, household operations $319, local telephone $69. Housing became the largest category — up from 12.95% in 1901. Food dropped from 42.54% (1901) to 24.3%.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "income-vs-consumption" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 24.3 }, { "id": "us-1960s-food-basket", "panel": "table", "label": "Food expenditure and basket, 1960-61", "value": "Food $1,309/yr (24.3% of expenditure). Food away from home $274 (20.9% of food). Local telephone $69/yr.", "unit": "USD per family per year, nominal", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CEX 1960-61 (ce_196061_tables.pdf, p.8). Food was 24.3% of total expenditure — down from 42.54% in 1901. Housing was the largest category at 29.6%. The survey also shows durable goods ownership (p.15): TV 91.4%, refrigerator 84.7%, washing machine 70.0%, air conditioner 18.8%, clothes dryer 18.4%, dishwasher 5.7%, food freezer 15.3%.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "income-vs-consumption" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 24.3 }, { "id": "us-1960s-food-prices", "panel": "table", "label": "Retail food prices, 1960", "value": "Bread 20.3¢/lb, round steak 106¢/lb, milk 26.0¢/qt, potatoes 7.2¢/lb, eggs 57.3¢/doz", "unit": "retail food prices (cents per pound/quart/dozen, 1960 annual average)", "source": "statab-food-prices", "tier": "A", "notes": "From 1970 Statistical Abstract Table 530 (BLS Retail Food Prices by Cities). 1960 annual averages for 51 cities. Milk is per quart, delivered. Bread 20.3¢/lb vs 14.3¢/lb in 1950 (+42%). Round steak $1.06/lb vs $0.94/lb in 1950 (+13%). Potatoes 7.2¢/lb vs 4.6¢/lb in 1950 (+57%). The 1950→1960 food price increase was modest compared to the inflation that followed in the 1970s.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1960s-heart-disease-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Heart disease age-adjusted death rate, 1960", "value": "559.0 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-mortality-trends", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NCHS. Near the peak — rates plateaued in the early 1960s before beginning their long decline after 1968. The Framingham Heart Study was identifying smoking, blood pressure, and cholesterol as risk factors.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 559.0 }, { "id": "us-1960s-heating-fuel", "panel": "home", "label": "House heating fuel, 1960", "value": "Utility gas 43%, fuel oil/kerosene 32%, bottled/LP gas 5%, coal 12%, wood 4%, electricity 2%", "unit": "% of occupied housing units reporting heating fuel", "source": "census-hist-housing-fuels", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1960 Census of Housing. Gas overtook coal as the dominant heating fuel between 1950 and 1960. Coal dropped from 55% (1940) to 12% (1960). Electricity was just emerging (1.8%). Source: fuels1960.txt, www2.census.gov.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1960s-home-production-components", "panel": "day", "label": "How a 1965 housewife's week broke down (AHTUS)", "value": "Total 51.8 hrs/week: food prep 16.5, house cleaning 9.5, clothing care 6.9, childcare 8.5, purchasing/mgmt/travel 10.4", "unit": "hours per week by activity category, nonemployed housewives", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 3, '1965 Housewives AHTUS' column. Total home production: 51.8 hrs/week. Based on Ramey's calculations from individual-level 1965 American Heritage Time Use Survey data. Population differs from the prime-age women aggregate (us-1960s-home-production-women) — this is nonemployed housewives only, while the aggregate includes employed women. For comparison with 1920s town housewives: food prep fell from 19.9 to 16.5 hrs/week, clothing care fell from 11.5 to 6.9, while childcare and purchasing/management/travel rose — market substitution shifted time between categories, not eliminated it.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 51.8 }, { "id": "us-1960s-home-production-men", "panel": "day", "label": "Men's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1965", "value": "11.2", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age men (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 7, 'All Prime-Age Men' column. Early estimates from Purnell Act studies and Lundberg et al. (1934); 1965+ from AHTUS/BLS. Men's hours rose 13 hrs/week across the century (3.9→16.8), partially offsetting women's decline. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 11.2 }, { "id": "us-1960s-home-production-women", "panel": "day", "label": "Women's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1965", "value": "40.9", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age women (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 6A, 'All Prime-Age Women' column. Reconstruction from historical time-diary studies (Purnell Act 1920s, Wilson 1929, USDA 1944) linked to AHTUS/BLS surveys from 1965. Includes food prep, house cleaning, clothing care, childcare, purchasing, and household management. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated. Draft version (NBER w13985) has identical values. Splice caveat: Ramey measures women-specific home production ages 18-64; ATUS (2020s room) measures all-adult household activities age 15+ — a concept change that must caveat when plotted together.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 40.9 }, { "id": "us-1960s-homeownership-rate", "panel": "home", "label": "Homeownership rate, 1960", "value": "61.9%", "unit": "% of occupied housing units owner-occupied", "source": "census-homeownership-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census homeownership time series (owner.pdf). Up from 55.0% in 1950 and 43.6% in 1940. The postwar boom and suburbanization drove homeownership above 60% for the first time.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 61.9 }, { "id": "us-1960s-hourly-earnings", "panel": "day", "label": "Average hourly earnings, production/nonsupervisory workers, 1960", "value": "$2.09", "unit": "USD per hour, nominal", "source": "bls-bulletin-1312-12", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS Bulletin 1312-12, Vol. II, p. 287, 'Average Hourly Earnings of Production or Nonsupervisory Workers on Private Nonagricultural Payrolls, TOTAL PRIVATE, in Current Dollars.' 1960 annual average: $2.09. Predecessor series to FRED AHETPI (which begins 1964).", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization", "wage-anchor-consistency" ], "amount_minor": 209, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1960, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1960s-household-appliances", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Household appliances, 1960-61", "value": "Refrigerator 84.7%, washing machine 70.0%, clothes dryer 18.4%, dishwasher 5.7%, food freezer 15.3%", "unit": "% of urban families with each appliance", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CEX 1960-61 (ce_196061_tables.pdf, p.15, OCR'd via GLM-OCR). Census 1960 confirms: refrigerator 86.1%, washing machine 72.2%. The refrigerator was nearly universal. The clothes dryer (18.4%) and dishwasher (5.7%) were still early-stage adoption — they would become common in the 1970s-80s.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1960s-household-net-worth", "panel": "day", "label": "Household sector net worth, 1960", "value": "$2,091 billion", "unit": "aggregate net worth, households + nonprofit organizations, current dollars", "source": "fed-z1", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FRED TNWBSHNO (Fed Z.1 Table B.101.h, Q4 1960). Total assets: $2,316B. Total liabilities: $225B. Net worth: $2,091B. Up from $1,171B in 1950 — household wealth nearly doubled in a decade. Liabilities were only 10% of assets — the postwar debt-aversion era. Aggregate — NOT median.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 2091.0 }, { "id": "us-1960s-infant-mortality", "panel": "day", "label": "Infant mortality rate, 1960", "value": "26.0 per 1,000 live births", "unit": "deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births", "source": "nchs-nvss", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS, Health, United States, 2016, Table 11. All races. Neonatal: 18.7; postneonatal: 7.3. Decline slowed in the early 1960s before Medicaid and neonatal intensive care accelerated gains in the late 1960s.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 26.0 }, { "id": "us-1960s-life-expectancy", "panel": "day", "label": "Life expectancy at birth, 1960", "value": "66.6 male, 73.1 female (69.7 total, all races)", "unit": "years at birth", "source": "nchs-nvss", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS National Vital Statistics System (all races). The Historical Statistics Vol 1 (white) shows 67.4 male / 74.1 female for 1960 — the all-races figure is lower. Up from 66.3/72.0 (1949-51). By 1970: 67.1/74.8.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 69.7 }, { "id": "us-1960s-married-women-lfpr", "panel": "day", "label": "Married women's labor force participation, 1960", "value": "30.5%", "unit": "% of married women (husband present) in the civilian labor force", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series D 63-74. Annual data: 1960: 30.5%, 1965: 35.4%. With children under 6: 18.6% (1960). With children 6-17 only: 18.2%. No children under 18: 18.9%. Crossed 30% for the first time — nearly a third of married women were in the labor force. By 1970: 40.8%. The week-of-work arc's single-earner assumption breaks down here: by mid-decade, over a third of married women worked.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 30.5 }, { "id": "us-1960s-median-age-first-marriage", "panel": "day", "label": "Median age at first marriage, 1960", "value": "Men: 22.8, Women: 20.3", "unit": "years (median age at first marriage)", "source": "census-table-ms2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table MS-2. CPS ASEC. Same as 1950 — the mid-century low held through the 1960s. The baby boom family formed young. By 1970: 23.2/20.8 — the beginning of a long rise.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 22.8 }, { "id": "us-1960s-median-family-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, 1960", "value": "$5,620 (all families), $6,295 (4-person families)", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8 (Table F-8, Size of Family--All Families by Median Income). All families: 45,540 thousand, median $5,620 ($48,760 in 2024 dollars). 4-person families: 9,288 thousand, median $6,295 ($54,620 in 2024 dollars). Average family size: 3.7. By 1969: all-family median $9,433, 4-person median $7,490.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 629500, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1960, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 5620.0 }, { "id": "us-1960s-median-gross-rent", "panel": "home", "label": "Median gross rent, 1960", "value": "$71/month", "unit": "USD, nominal (median gross rent, specified renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent)", "source": "census-hist-housing-rents", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables: Gross Rents (grossrents-unadj.txt). Up from $42 in 1950. In 2000 dollars: $350/month. Cross-verified: NHGIS 1960 tract-level rent distribution (12.4M renter units) shows median falling in the $70-$79 bin.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 71.0 }, { "id": "us-1960s-median-home-value", "panel": "home", "label": "Median value of owner-occupied homes, 1960", "value": "$11,900", "unit": "USD, nominal (median value of owner-occupied single-family homes)", "source": "census-historical-housing-values", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables (values-unadj.txt). National median value of owner-occupied homes. Up from $7,354 in 1950 and $2,938 in 1940. By 1970: $17,000. In 2024 dollars: ~$125,500.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 1190000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1960, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1960s-nhe-hospital", "panel": "table", "label": "Hospital care spending, 1960", "value": "$8,985 million (33.1% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02. Hospital care: $8,985M of $27,122M total. Hospital care was the largest single category of health spending.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 8985.0 }, { "id": "us-1960s-nhe-medicare", "panel": "table", "label": "Medicare spending, 1960", "value": "$0 — Medicare did not exist until 1966", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02. Medicare was enacted in 1965 (Social Security Amendments, Title XVIII). No Medicare spending occurred before 1966. By 1970: $7.7B (10.4% of NHE).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1960s-nhe-out-of-pocket-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Out-of-pocket share of health spending, 1960", "value": "47.1% of national health expenditures paid out of pocket", "unit": "% of total NHE", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Out of pocket: $12,778M of $27,122M total. In 1960, families paid nearly half of all healthcare costs directly.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 47.1 }, { "id": "us-1960s-nhe-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "National health spending per person, 1960", "value": "$146 per capita ($124 for personal health care)", "unit": "USD per person, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 01 (NHE24_Summary.csv). NHE per capita: $146. Personal Health Care per capita: $124. Population: 186M.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 146.0 }, { "id": "us-1960s-nhe-prescription-drugs", "panel": "table", "label": "Prescription drug spending, 1960", "value": "$2,676 million (9.9% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02. Prescription drugs: $2,676M of $27,122M total. In 1960, drugs were less than 10% of health spending.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 2676.0 }, { "id": "us-1960s-nhe-total", "panel": "table", "label": "Healthcare spending, 1960", "value": "$27.1 billion (5.0% of GDP)", "unit": "USD billions, nominal; NHE as % of GDP", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 01 (NHE24_Summary.csv). NHE: $27.1B. GDP: $542.4B. Per capita: $146. In 1960, healthcare was 5% of the economy — before Medicare and Medicaid (enacted 1965).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 5.0 }, { "id": "us-1960s-number-of-families", "panel": "budget", "label": "Number of families in the United States, 1960", "value": "45,540,000", "unit": "families", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8 (Table F-8). Up from 39,930,000 in 1950. By 1970: 52,230,000.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 45540000.0 }, { "id": "us-1960s-plumbing", "panel": "home", "label": "Complete plumbing facilities, 1960", "value": "83.2% of homes had complete plumbing (16.8% lacked)", "unit": "% of occupied housing units with hot/cold water + flush toilet + bathtub", "source": "census-hist-housing-plumbing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables: Plumbing (plumbing-tab.txt, US row: 9,777,783 of 58,314,784 occupied units lacking). Down from 35.5% lacking in 1950 to 16.8% lacking in 1960 — the suburban building boom was closing the gap rapidly. One in six American homes still lacked complete plumbing in 1960. By 1970: 6.9% lacked (93.1% had). Figures verified against the Census time-series file 2026-07-07.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 83.2 }, { "id": "us-1960s-poverty-rate", "panel": "budget", "label": "Official poverty rate, 1960", "value": "22.2% (39.9 million people in poverty)", "unit": "% of all people below official poverty level", "source": "census-poverty-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Poverty Tables (API: histpov2). Official poverty rate: 22.2%. Family poverty: 20.7%. First year of the official poverty measure (1959: 22.4%). The War on Poverty (1964+) would cut this nearly in half by 1970.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 22.2 }, { "id": "us-1960s-smoking-prevalence", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult cigarette smoking prevalence, 1965", "value": "42.4% of adults smoked (51.9% of men, 33.9% of women)", "unit": "% of adults ≥18 who currently smoke (NHIS)", "source": "cdc-nhis-smoking-prevalence", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NHIS (compiled by American Lung Association). First NHIS tobacco survey in 1965, one year after the Surgeon General's Report. 42.4% overall: 51.9% of men and 33.9% of women were current smokers. Definition: smoked ≥100 cigarettes and currently smoking.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1965, "basis": null, "quantity": 42.4 }, { "id": "us-1960s-teen-birth-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Births per 1,000 women aged 15-19, 1960", "value": "89.1 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19", "unit": "live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19", "source": "nchs-hus-2019-table1", "tier": "A", "notes": "The highest figure NCHS publishes in this table, and it is not in the distant past: 89.1 in 1960, against 34.2 in 2010 and 15.0 in 2020. The peak of American teenage childbearing is the decade usually remembered for its families.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1960, "basis": null, "quantity": 89.1 }, { "id": "us-1960s-telephone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Telephone diffusion, 1960s", "value": "78.3% of households had telephone", "unit": "% of households with telephone (estimated from phones per 1,000 population)", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 2, Series R 1-3 (p.191, OCR'd via GLM-OCR): 1960 had 74,342K telephones = 407.8 per 1,000 population = 78.3% of households. Up from ~55% in 1950. Census 1960 reports 78.5% (housing units with telephone). Reaching 87.0% by 1970.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 78.3 }, { "id": "us-1960s-television", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Television in the home, 1960-61", "value": "91.4% of households had TV", "unit": "% of urban families with television", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CEX 1960-61 (ce_196061_tables.pdf, p.15, OCR'd via GLM-OCR). TV adoption exploded in the 1950s: up from 12.3% in 1950 to 91.4% in 1960-61 — one of the fastest technology diffusions in American history. Census 1960 confirms: TV 90.5%.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 91.4 }, { "id": "us-1960s-total-expenditure", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average annual expenditure, 1960-61", "value": "$5,393", "unit": "USD per family per year, nominal (urban families)", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1960-61 Consumer Expenditure Survey data tables (ce_196061_tables.pdf, p.8), OCR'd via GLM-OCR. US average for all urban families. By region: Northeast $5,834, North Central $5,272, South $4,769, West $5,777.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "income-vs-consumption" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 5393.0 }, { "id": "us-1960s-traffic-death-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Road deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles, 1960", "value": "5.06 deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "unit": "deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "source": "fhwa-fi200-2023", "tier": "A", "notes": "Before the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, the federal government set no crash standards for cars at all.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1960, "basis": null, "quantity": 5.06 }, { "id": "us-1960s-vehicle-ownership", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with at least one vehicle, 1960", "value": "78.5% (21.5% with no vehicle); avg 1.1 vehicles per household", "unit": "% of occupied housing units with 1+ vehicles", "source": "bts-vehicle-availability", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BTS Figure 2-7 (Census Bureau decennial census, 1960). 21.5% of households had no vehicle, 56.9% had one, 19.0% had two, 2.5% had three or more. The automobile had not yet saturated — one in five households was car-free. By 1970: 82.5%, 1980: 87.1%. Population: all occupied housing units.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 78.5 }, { "id": "us-1960s-wages", "panel": "day", "label": "Manufacturing earnings and CPI, 1960", "value": "Manufacturing: $5,352/yr. CPI: 29.6 (1982-84=100).", "unit": "USD/year (earnings) and index (CPI)", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "Manufacturing annual earnings from Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series D 740 (p.186): $5,352 in 1960, rising to $8,150 by 1970. CPI from BLS series CUUR0000SA0 (confirmed via BLS API): 29.6 in 1960, rising to 38.8 by 1970. CPI ratio 1960 to 2024: 313.7/29.6 = 10.6x. Real income growth 1960 to 2024: $5,620 to $105,800 = 18.8x nominal / 10.6x CPI = 1.77x real.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1960s-week-of-work-buys", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "What a week of manufacturing work bought, 1960", "value": "$102.92/week — a full year of it (×52) ≈ 95% of median family income", "unit": "weekly manufacturing earnings vs annual median family income", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "Computed: manufacturing FTE annual earnings ($5,352, Historical Statistics Series D740) ÷ 52 = $102.92/week. × 52 = $5,352, which is 95.2% of the all-family median income ($5,620, Census F-8). A single manufacturing wage almost exactly matched the median family income — the peak of the single-earner era. Compare 1950: 83%, 1970: 83%. Source: same D740 series as 1940s and 1970s.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null } ], "derived": [ { "id": "us-1960s-produce-variety-count", "panel": "table", "label": "Fresh-produce commodities at a pound or more per person, 1960", "unit": "of the fresh-produce commodities ERS tracked that year", "op": "count_above", "numerator": "", "denominator": "", "precision": 1, "notes": "Every fresh fruit and vegetable commodity sheet in the two ERS fresh workbooks, counted when the food supply provided at least a full pound per person that year, farm weight. The total is the commodities ERS tracked that year: series that had not yet begun or had already ended are outside the count, so a widening record cannot masquerade as rising variety. Availability is a disappearance estimate — what the supply made available, not what anyone ate; the rule and its rationale are in the assumption ledger (produce-variety-rule).", "assumptions": [ "produce-variety-rule", "composite-family" ], "inflate_series": "", "inflate_from_year": 0, "inflate_to_year": 0, "count_series": [ "us-availability-apples", "us-availability-apricots", "us-availability-artichokes", "us-availability-asparagus", "us-availability-avocados", "us-availability-bananas", "us-availability-bell-peppers", "us-availability-blueberries", "us-availability-broccoli", "us-availability-brussels-sprouts", "us-availability-cabbage", "us-availability-cantaloupe", "us-availability-carrots", "us-availability-cauliflower", "us-availability-celery", "us-availability-collards", "us-availability-cucumbers", "us-availability-eggplant", "us-availability-escarole", "us-availability-garlic", "us-availability-grapefruit", "us-availability-grapes", "us-availability-head-lettuce", "us-availability-honeydew", "us-availability-kale", "us-availability-kiwifruit", "us-availability-lemons", "us-availability-lima-beans", "us-availability-limes", "us-availability-mangoes", "us-availability-mushrooms", "us-availability-mustard-greens", "us-availability-okra", "us-availability-onions", "us-availability-oranges", "us-availability-papayas", "us-availability-peaches", "us-availability-pears", "us-availability-pineapples", "us-availability-potatoes", "us-availability-pumpkin", "us-availability-radishes", "us-availability-raspberries", "us-availability-romaine", "us-availability-snap-beans", "us-availability-spinach", "us-availability-squash", "us-availability-strawberries", "us-availability-sweet-corn", "us-availability-sweet-potatoes", "us-availability-tangerines", "us-availability-tomatoes", "us-availability-turnip-greens", "us-availability-watermelon" ], "threshold": 1.0, "at_year": 1960, "value": "11 of 18", "computed_value": 11.0, "computed_amount_minor": null, "computed_currency": null, "tier": "A", "inflation": null } ] }, { "country": "us", "decade": "1970s", "slug": "us-1970s", "wage_anchor": "us-1970s-hourly-earnings", "income_anchor": "us-1970s-median-income-four-person", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "us-1970s-air-conditioning", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Air conditioning, 1978 (first RECS)", "value": "23% of households had central AC", "unit": "% of households with central air-conditioning equipment", "source": "eia-recs", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1978 RECS — the first Residential Energy Consumption Survey. 23% of households had central AC. Total AC (including window/wall units) was 56% (23% central + 33% window/wall); 44% had no AC. Verified via EIA Annual Energy Review, Table 2.6 ('Household End Uses: Fuel Types, Appliances, and Electronics, Selected Years, 1978-2009'), which republishes the 1978 RECS data with explicit source attribution: '1978 and 1979 — EIA, Form EIA-84, RECS.' Available at https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/xls/stb0206.xls. Trajectory: 17% central AC (1973 AHS) → 23% (1978 RECS) → 27% (1980 RECS) → 44% (1993 AHS). By 1993, total AC reached 68%. The 1978 RECS is the closest available data point for the decade.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 23.0 }, { "id": "us-1970s-appliance-ownership", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Household appliance ownership, 1978", "value": "Refrigerator 99.7%, color TV (NA in 1978), clothes washer 70.5%, clothes dryer 45.0%, dishwasher 34.6%, microwave 7.8%, freezer 35.2%", "unit": "% of households with each appliance", "source": "eia-aer-appliances", "tier": "A", "notes": "From EIA Annual Energy Review 1988, Table 8.3 (republished in Census Bureau, USSR/USA Statistical Abstract 1990). Data sourced from RECS (Form EIA-84). 1978 is the first RECS survey. Refrigerator was already universal (99.7%). The microwave oven was just beginning its diffusion (7.8%). Compare 1960s: TV 91.4%, refrigerator 84.7%, washing machine 70.0%. The 1970s saw refrigerator reach saturation; color TV data starts in 1980 (82.1%).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 70.5 }, { "id": "us-1970s-availability-avocados", "panel": "table", "label": "Avocados available per person, 1970", "value": "0.45 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh avocados. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. The first year ERS publishes for this commodity.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1970, "basis": null, "quantity": 0.45 }, { "id": "us-1970s-availability-bell-peppers", "panel": "table", "label": "Bell peppers available per person, 1970", "value": "2.16 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh bell peppers. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1970, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.16 }, { "id": "us-1970s-availability-broccoli", "panel": "table", "label": "Broccoli available per person, 1970", "value": "0.53 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh broccoli. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1970, "basis": null, "quantity": 0.53 }, { "id": "us-1970s-availability-grapes", "panel": "table", "label": "Grapes available per person, 1970", "value": "2.92 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh grapes. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. The first year ERS publishes for this commodity.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1970, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.92 }, { "id": "us-1970s-average-family-size", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average family size, 1970", "value": "3.57", "unit": "persons per family", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. Declining from 3.64 in 1947. By 1980: 3.27.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 3.57 }, { "id": "us-1970s-cancer-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Cancer age-adjusted death rate, 1970", "value": "198.6 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-mortality-trends", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NCHS. Cancer mortality continued to rise. The National Cancer Act of 1971 declared the 'War on Cancer.' Combination chemotherapy was proving effective for some cancers.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 198.6 }, { "id": "us-1970s-cancer-survival", "panel": "table", "label": "Cancer 5-year relative survival rate, 1975-1979", "value": "48.9%", "unit": "% surviving 5 years after diagnosis (relative survival, SEER 9)", "source": "seer-csr-1975-2017", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCI SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2017, Table 2.9. All races, both sexes, all cancer sites. SEER 9 registries cover ~10% of US population.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 48.9 }, { "id": "us-1970s-car-price", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Average new car transaction price, 1970", "value": "$3,543", "unit": "USD, nominal (average transaction price, domestic + import)", "source": "bea-new-car-price", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BEA Average Transaction Price per New Car (ORNL TEDB Table 11.13, Edition 40). Measures the average price consumers actually paid (not wholesale/list). Covers domestic + import passenger cars, excluding pickups, vans, and SUVs. Cross-check: CEX 1972-73 implies ~$3,552 average net outlay per new vehicle purchase ($440.41 annual expenditure / 12.4% reporting), closely matching the BEA figure. The Historical Statistics wholesale average for 1970 was ~$2,214 — the ~60% markup to transaction price reflects dealer margin, options, and taxes.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 354300, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1970, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1970s-cex-apparel-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Apparel share of expenditure, four-person families, 1972-73", "value": "6.4% of total expenditures", "unit": "% of total annual expenditures", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1972-73 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Bulletin 1992, Table 2 (by family size). 4-person families. Apparel and services: $782 of $12,226 total expenditure. Population differs from 2000s+ facts (all consumer units).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 6.4 }, { "id": "us-1970s-cigarette-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult per capita cigarette consumption, 1970", "value": "3,985 cigarettes per adult per year", "unit": "cigarettes per adult (≥18 years) per year", "source": "cdc-mmwr-tobacco-surveillance", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC MMWR Surveillance Summary Vol. 43 No. SS-3, Table 1. Consumption had declined from the 1963 peak of 4,345 but remained high. The 1971 broadcast ad ban and 1972 health warning labels were early tobacco control measures.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1970, "basis": null, "quantity": 3985.0 }, { "id": "us-1970s-cpi", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Consumer Price Index and purchasing power, 1970", "value": "CPI 38.8 (1970) → 313.7 (2024) = 8.1x. $1 in 1970 = $8.09 in 2024. Real median family income grew 1.33x.", "unit": "CPI-U (1982-84=100), annual average", "source": "bls-cpi", "tier": "A", "notes": "CPI from BLS series CUUR0000SA0 (confirmed via BLS API). 1970: 38.8. 2024: 313.7. Ratio: 8.09x. Nominal median family income: $9,867 (1970) → $105,800 (2024) = 10.7x. Real growth: 10.7/8.1 = 1.33x. For comparison: 1960-2024 real growth was 1.77x, and 1950-2024 was 3.1x — the 1970s-2020s saw the slowest real income growth of the postwar era.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1970, "basis": null, "quantity": 38.8 }, { "id": "us-1970s-education", "panel": "day", "label": "Educational attainment, 1970", "value": "HS grad or more: 55.2%, Bachelor's or more: 11.0%, Less than 9th grade: 27.7%. Median school years: 12.2.", "unit": "% of population 25+ (all races, both sexes); median years completed", "source": "census-table-a1-a2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table A-1. Decennial census. HS graduation crossed 50% — the majority of adults now had a diploma. Less-than-9th-grade fell below 30%. Median school years: 12.2 — just past high school. Bachelor's or more crossed 11%.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 55.2 }, { "id": "us-1970s-ethanol-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "Alcohol consumed per person, 1970", "value": "2.52 gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "unit": "gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "source": "niaaa-surveillance-122", "tier": "A", "notes": "The population basis changes here: figures from 1970 onward are computed over ages 14 and older, before that over ages 15 and older. The change slightly raises the denominator and is not corrected for.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1970, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.52 }, { "id": "us-1970s-expenditure-shares", "panel": "budget", "label": "Expenditure breakdown, 4-person families, 1972-73", "value": "Housing 26.0%, transportation 17.6%, food 17.1%, insurance/pensions 8.7%, entertainment 7.8%, healthcare 5.3%, apparel 6.4%, cash contributions 3.7%, education 1.5%", "unit": "% of total annual expenditure", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1972-73 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Bulletin 1992, Table 2 (by family size). 10,668 thousand 4-person families. Total expenditures: $12,226 (current consumption $10,710 + personal insurance/pensions $1,063 + gifts/contributions $453). Income before taxes: $16,155. Expenditure = 76% of gross income. Source: BLS Bulletin 1992, Table 2, accessed via FRASER (fraser.stlouisfed.org).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "income-vs-consumption", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 26.0 }, { "id": "us-1970s-food-basket", "panel": "table", "label": "Food basket and expenditure breakdown, 1972-73 (CEX)", "value": "Food $2,089/yr (17.1% of expenditure). Food at home $1,543 (74% of food), food away from home $546 (26%). Key items: beef $242, bakery $139, fresh milk $130, pork $134, poultry $69, other meats $61, fish $40, eggs $37, cereals $46. Total expenditure: $12,226.", "unit": "USD per family per year, nominal", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1972-73 CEX, Bulletin 1992, Table 2. 10,668 thousand 4-person families. Food at home share: 74%, food away: 26%. Beef was the largest single food item at $242/yr. Source: BLS Bulletin 1992, accessed via FRASER.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "income-vs-consumption", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 17.1 }, { "id": "us-1970s-food-prices", "panel": "table", "label": "Retail food prices, April 1970", "value": "Bread 23.9¢/lb, round steak 133¢/lb, milk 65.5¢/qt, potatoes 9.0¢/lb, eggs 57.3¢/doz", "unit": "retail food prices (cents per pound/quart/dozen, April 1970)", "source": "statab-food-prices", "tier": "A", "notes": "From 1970 Statistical Abstract Table 530 (BLS data, April 1970 — most recent available). Milk is per quart, delivered. By April 1970, food inflation was accelerating: bread up 18% from 1960, round steak up 26%, milk up 152% (from 26.0¢ to 65.5¢/qt). The 1970s would bring double-digit food price inflation, especially after the 1973-74 oil shock and Soviet grain purchases.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1970s-heart-disease-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Heart disease age-adjusted death rate, 1970", "value": "492.7 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-mortality-trends", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NCHS. The decline is underway — down 16% from the 1950 peak. Coronary care units, CPR, and new blood pressure medications were beginning to have impact.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 492.7 }, { "id": "us-1970s-heating-fuel", "panel": "home", "label": "House heating fuel, 1970", "value": "Utility gas 55%, fuel oil/kerosene 26%, electricity 8%, bottled/LP gas 6%, coal 3%, wood 1%", "unit": "% of occupied housing units reporting heating fuel", "source": "census-hist-housing-fuels", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1970 Census of Housing. Gas was now the majority heating fuel at 55%. Coal was nearly eliminated at 3% (down from 55% in 1940). Electricity was rising (7.7%, up from 1.8% in 1960). Source: fuels1970.txt, www2.census.gov.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1970s-home-as-income-years", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Median home value as years of median family income, 1970", "value": "1.72 years ($17,000 home vs $9,867 income)", "unit": "years of median family income (nominal)", "source": "census-historical-housing-values", "tier": "C", "notes": "Computed: 1970 median home value ($17,000) / 1970 median family income ($9,867). Up from 0.97 in 1947. The 1970s inflation would push this ratio higher.", "assumptions": [ "affordability-normalization", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1970s-home-production-men", "panel": "day", "label": "Men's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1975", "value": "12.1", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age men (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 7, 'All Prime-Age Men' column. Early estimates from Purnell Act studies and Lundberg et al. (1934); 1965+ from AHTUS/BLS. Men's hours rose 13 hrs/week across the century (3.9→16.8), partially offsetting women's decline. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 12.1 }, { "id": "us-1970s-home-production-women", "panel": "day", "label": "Women's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1975", "value": "32.1", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age women (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 6A, 'All Prime-Age Women' column. Reconstruction from historical time-diary studies (Purnell Act 1920s, Wilson 1929, USDA 1944) linked to AHTUS/BLS surveys from 1965. Includes food prep, house cleaning, clothing care, childcare, purchasing, and household management. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated. Draft version (NBER w13985) has identical values. Splice caveat: Ramey measures women-specific home production ages 18-64; ATUS (2020s room) measures all-adult household activities age 15+ — a concept change that must caveat when plotted together.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 32.1 }, { "id": "us-1970s-homeownership", "panel": "home", "label": "Homeownership rate, 1970", "value": "62.9%", "unit": "% of occupied dwelling units (owner-occupied)", "source": "census-homeownership-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Bureau decennial time series (owner.pdf). Up from 61.9% in 1960.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 62.9 }, { "id": "us-1970s-hourly-earnings", "panel": "day", "label": "Average hourly earnings, production/nonsupervisory workers, 1970", "value": "$3.23", "unit": "USD per hour, nominal", "source": "bls-bulletin-1312-12", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS Bulletin 1312-12, Vol. II, p. 287, 'Average Hourly Earnings of Production or Nonsupervisory Workers on Private Nonagricultural Payrolls, TOTAL PRIVATE, in Current Dollars.' 1970 annual average: $3.23. Predecessor series to FRED AHETPI (which begins 1964).", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization", "wage-anchor-consistency" ], "amount_minor": 323, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1970, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1970s-household-net-worth", "panel": "day", "label": "Household sector net worth, 1970", "value": "$3,876 billion", "unit": "aggregate net worth, households + nonprofit organizations, current dollars", "source": "fed-z1", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FRED TNWBSHNO (Fed Z.1 Table B.101.h, Q4 1970). Total assets: $4,354B. Total liabilities: $479B. Net worth: $3,876B. Up from $2,091B in 1960. Liabilities grew to 11% of assets — mortgage debt expanding as homeownership rose. Aggregate — NOT median. From 1945 ($592B Goldsmith / $807B Z.1) to 1970 ($3,876B), household wealth grew 5x in 25 years.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 3876.0 }, { "id": "us-1970s-infant-mortality", "panel": "day", "label": "Infant mortality rate, 1970", "value": "20.0 per 1,000 live births", "unit": "deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births", "source": "nchs-nvss", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS, Health, United States, 2016, Table 11. All races. Neonatal: 15.1; postneonatal: 4.9. The 1970s saw the steepest decade decline (37%, from 20.0 to 12.6) driven by neonatal medicine advances and regionalization of perinatal services.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 20.0 }, { "id": "us-1970s-life-expectancy", "panel": "day", "label": "Life expectancy at birth, 1970", "value": "67.1 male, 74.8 female (70.8 total, all races)", "unit": "years", "source": "nchs-nvss", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS National Vital Statistics System (all races). Up from 66.6/73.1 in 1960. The white-only figure from Historical Statistics Vol 1 was 68.0/75.6 — the all-races figure is lower due to lower nonwhite life expectancy.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 70.8 }, { "id": "us-1970s-manufacturing-earnings", "panel": "day", "label": "Average annual earnings, manufacturing, 1970", "value": "$8,150", "unit": "USD per year, nominal (full-time equivalent)", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series D 740. Up from $3,302 in 1950. Manufacturing was still a major employer, but the 1970s would begin the long decline of US manufacturing employment.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1970s-married-women-lfpr", "panel": "day", "label": "Married women's labor force participation, 1970", "value": "40.8%", "unit": "% of married women (husband present) in the civilian labor force", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series D 63-74. With children under 6: 30.3% (1970). With children 6-17 only: 30.2%. No children under 18: 30.5%. Crossed 40% — two in five married women were in the labor force. From 5.6% (1900) to 40.8% (1970), married women's LFPR increased more than sevenfold across seven decades. The single-earner family was no longer the norm.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 40.8 }, { "id": "us-1970s-median-age-first-marriage", "panel": "day", "label": "Median age at first marriage, 1970", "value": "Men: 23.2, Women: 20.8", "unit": "years (median age at first marriage)", "source": "census-table-ms2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table MS-2. CPS ASEC. Marriage ages began rising from the mid-century low. By 1980: 24.7/22.0 — the beginning of a multi-decade increase that would push both past 28 by the 2020s.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 23.2 }, { "id": "us-1970s-median-family-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, all families, 1970", "value": "$9,867", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. All families: 52,230 thousand, median $9,867 ($66,700 in 2024 dollars). The 1970s would see stagflation: nominal incomes rose but real purchasing power stagnated.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 9867.0 }, { "id": "us-1970s-median-gross-rent", "panel": "home", "label": "Median gross rent, 1970", "value": "$108/month", "unit": "USD, nominal (median gross rent, specified renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent)", "source": "census-hist-housing-rents", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables: Gross Rents (grossrents-unadj.txt). Up from $71 in 1960. In 2000 dollars: $415/month.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 108.0 }, { "id": "us-1970s-median-home-size", "panel": "home", "label": "Median square footage of new single-family homes, 1973", "value": "1,525 sq ft (new construction)", "unit": "median square feet of floor area, new single-family houses completed", "source": "census-soc-new-housing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the Census Bureau's Survey of Construction (C-25 annual report, Series H-150). 1973 is the first year of data. New-construction median was 1,525 sq ft — this is NOT the median of all existing homes (which would be smaller, as older stock persists). By 1980: 1,595 sq ft. The 2020s room shows 1,500 sq ft for the existing stock (AHS 2023) — new homes grew 60% from 1973 to 2024, but the existing stock median is lower because older, smaller homes remain.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 1525.0 }, { "id": "us-1970s-median-home-value", "panel": "home", "label": "Median value of owner-occupied homes, 1970", "value": "$17,000", "unit": "USD, nominal", "source": "census-historical-housing-values", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables (values-unadj.txt). Up from $11,900 in 1960. By 1980: $47,200 — the inflation of the 1970s hit housing hard.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 1700000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1970, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1970s-median-income-four-person", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, four-person families, 1970", "value": "$11,170", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. 4-person families: median $11,170 ($75,490 in 2024 dollars). Average family size: 3.57.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "four-person-normalization", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 1117000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1970, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 11170.0 }, { "id": "us-1970s-nhe-medicaid", "panel": "table", "label": "Medicaid spending, 1970", "value": "$5,290 million (7.1% of NHE); Federal $2,842M, State/Local $2,447M", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02. Medicaid (Title XIX): $5,290M total. Federal share: $2,842M. State/Local share: $2,447M. Medicaid did not exist before 1966.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 5290.0 }, { "id": "us-1970s-nhe-medicare", "panel": "table", "label": "Medicare spending, 1970", "value": "$7,672 million (10.4% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02. Medicare: $7,672M. Medicare did not exist before 1966 (enacted 1965). By 1970 it already accounted for over 10% of all health spending.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 7672.0 }, { "id": "us-1970s-nhe-out-of-pocket-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Out-of-pocket share of health spending, 1970", "value": "32.7% of national health expenditures paid out of pocket", "unit": "% of total NHE", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02. Out of pocket: $24,208M of $74,077M total. Down from 47.1% in 1960 — Medicare and Medicaid shifted costs to insurance/government.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 32.7 }, { "id": "us-1970s-nhe-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "National health spending per person, 1970", "value": "$353 per capita ($297 for personal health care)", "unit": "USD per person, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 01. NHE per capita: $353. Personal Health Care per capita: $297. Population: 210M.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 353.0 }, { "id": "us-1970s-nhe-prescription-drugs", "panel": "table", "label": "Prescription drug spending, 1970", "value": "$5,497 million (7.4% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Prescription drugs: $5,497M of $74,077M total.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 5497.0 }, { "id": "us-1970s-nhe-total", "panel": "table", "label": "Healthcare spending, 1970", "value": "$74.1 billion (6.9% of GDP)", "unit": "USD billions, nominal; NHE as % of GDP", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 01. NHE: $74.1B. GDP: $1,073.3B. Per capita: $353. Medicare (enacted 1965) and Medicaid were now operational — health spending nearly tripled in a decade.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 6.9 }, { "id": "us-1970s-number-of-families", "panel": "budget", "label": "Number of families in the United States, 1970", "value": "52,230,000", "unit": "families", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 52230000.0 }, { "id": "us-1970s-plumbing", "panel": "home", "label": "Complete plumbing facilities, 1970", "value": "94% of homes had complete plumbing (6% lacked)", "unit": "% of occupied housing units", "source": "census-hist-housing-plumbing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables: Plumbing. Down from 17% lacking in 1960 to 6% lacking in 1970. By 1980: ~3% lacked.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 94.0 }, { "id": "us-1970s-poverty-rate", "panel": "budget", "label": "Official poverty rate, 1970", "value": "12.6% (25.5 million people in poverty)", "unit": "% of all people below official poverty level", "source": "census-poverty-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Poverty Tables (API: histpov2). Official poverty rate: 12.6%. Family poverty: 10.9%. Down sharply from 22.4% (1959) — War on Poverty programs (Medicaid, food stamps, expanded Social Security) and economic growth cut poverty nearly in half.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 12.6 }, { "id": "us-1970s-smoking-prevalence", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult cigarette smoking prevalence, 1970", "value": "37.4% of adults smoked (44.1% of men, 31.5% of women)", "unit": "% of adults ≥18 who currently smoke (NHIS)", "source": "cdc-nhis-smoking-prevalence", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NHIS (compiled by American Lung Association). Down from 42.4% in 1965. Men's smoking declined faster than women's during this period.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1970, "basis": null, "quantity": 37.4 }, { "id": "us-1970s-stroke-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Stroke age-adjusted death rate, 1970", "value": "147.7 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-mortality-trends", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NCHS. The decline began with the introduction of effective blood pressure medications. The VA Cooperative Study (1967-1970) proved hypertension treatment saved lives.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 147.7 }, { "id": "us-1970s-teen-birth-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Births per 1,000 women aged 15-19, 1970", "value": "68.3 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19", "unit": "live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19", "source": "nchs-hus-2019-table1", "tier": "A", "notes": "The fall from the 1960 peak is already a quarter of the way down, and it happens before the shift in who was giving birth: the married share of these mothers falls across the following decades while the rate itself keeps dropping.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1970, "basis": null, "quantity": 68.3 }, { "id": "us-1970s-telephone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with telephone, 1970", "value": "90.5%", "unit": "% of households with telephone", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Historical Statistics Vol 2, Series R 3. 120,218 thousand total phones (583.4 per 1,000 population). Up from 78.3% in 1960. Telephone was nearly universal by 1970.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 90.5 }, { "id": "us-1970s-telephone-census", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Telephone in housing unit, 1970", "value": "87.0% (13.0% without telephone)", "unit": "% of occupied housing units with telephone", "source": "census-hist-housing-phone", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1970 Census of Housing, Historical Census of Housing Tables: Telephones. Note: this figure (87.0%) differs from the Historical Statistics Vol 2 figure (90.5%) because the Census measures 'telephone in unit' (housing units) while Hist Stats measures 'households with telephone.' Up from 78.5% (1960), reaching 92.9% by 1980. Source: phone-tab.txt, www2.census.gov.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 87.0 }, { "id": "us-1970s-traffic-death-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Road deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles, 1970", "value": "4.85 deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "unit": "deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "source": "fhwa-fi200-2023", "tier": "A", "notes": "Absolute deaths peaked in this decade, at 55,600 in 1972 — the highest figure in the table's 124 years.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1970, "basis": null, "quantity": 4.85 }, { "id": "us-1970s-vehicle-ownership", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with at least one vehicle, 1970", "value": "82.5% (17.5% with no vehicle)", "unit": "% of occupied housing units with 1+ vehicles", "source": "bts-vehicle-availability", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BTS Figure 2-7 (Census Bureau decennial census, 1970). 17.5% had no vehicle, 47.7% had one, 29.3% had two, 5.5% had three or more. The CEX 1972-73 (Bulletin 1992, Table 1) reports a complementary figure: 80.1% of families had at least one automobile (avg 1.3 per family) — the difference reflects source (Census housing units vs CEX families) and timing (1970 vs 1972-73). This fact uses the BTS/Census figure for series consistency with other decades. By 1980: 87.1%. Population: all occupied housing units.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 82.5 }, { "id": "us-1970s-week-of-work-buys", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "What a week of manufacturing work bought, 1970", "value": "$156.73/week — a full year of it (×52) ≈ 83% of median family income", "unit": "weekly manufacturing earnings vs annual median family income", "source": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "tier": "A", "notes": "Computed: manufacturing FTE annual earnings ($8,150, Historical Statistics Series D740) ÷ 52 = $156.73/week. × 52 = $8,150, which is 82.6% of the all-family median income ($9,867, Census F-8). Still above 80% — the single manufacturing wage could nearly support a family. But this is the last decade it would do so. Compare 1960: 95%, 1980: 60%. Source: same D740 series as 1940s and 1960s.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null } ], "derived": [ { "id": "us-1970s-produce-variety-count", "panel": "table", "label": "Fresh-produce commodities at a pound or more per person, 1970", "unit": "of the fresh-produce commodities ERS tracked that year", "op": "count_above", "numerator": "", "denominator": "", "precision": 1, "notes": "Every fresh fruit and vegetable commodity sheet in the two ERS fresh workbooks, counted when the food supply provided at least a full pound per person that year, farm weight. The total is the commodities ERS tracked that year: series that had not yet begun or had already ended are outside the count, so a widening record cannot masquerade as rising variety. Availability is a disappearance estimate — what the supply made available, not what anyone ate; the rule and its rationale are in the assumption ledger (produce-variety-rule).", "assumptions": [ "produce-variety-rule", "composite-family" ], "inflate_series": "", "inflate_from_year": 0, "inflate_to_year": 0, "count_series": [ "us-availability-apples", "us-availability-apricots", "us-availability-artichokes", "us-availability-asparagus", "us-availability-avocados", "us-availability-bananas", "us-availability-bell-peppers", "us-availability-blueberries", "us-availability-broccoli", "us-availability-brussels-sprouts", "us-availability-cabbage", "us-availability-cantaloupe", "us-availability-carrots", "us-availability-cauliflower", "us-availability-celery", "us-availability-collards", "us-availability-cucumbers", "us-availability-eggplant", "us-availability-escarole", "us-availability-garlic", "us-availability-grapefruit", "us-availability-grapes", "us-availability-head-lettuce", "us-availability-honeydew", "us-availability-kale", "us-availability-kiwifruit", "us-availability-lemons", "us-availability-lima-beans", "us-availability-limes", "us-availability-mangoes", "us-availability-mushrooms", "us-availability-mustard-greens", "us-availability-okra", "us-availability-onions", "us-availability-oranges", "us-availability-papayas", "us-availability-peaches", "us-availability-pears", "us-availability-pineapples", "us-availability-potatoes", "us-availability-pumpkin", "us-availability-radishes", "us-availability-raspberries", "us-availability-romaine", "us-availability-snap-beans", "us-availability-spinach", "us-availability-squash", "us-availability-strawberries", "us-availability-sweet-corn", "us-availability-sweet-potatoes", "us-availability-tangerines", "us-availability-tomatoes", "us-availability-turnip-greens", "us-availability-watermelon" ], "threshold": 1.0, "at_year": 1970, "value": "25 of 43", "computed_value": 25.0, "computed_amount_minor": null, "computed_currency": null, "tier": "A", "inflation": null } ] }, { "country": "us", "decade": "1980s", "slug": "us-1980s", "wage_anchor": "us-1980s-wages", "income_anchor": "us-1980s-median-income-four-person", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "us-1980s-air-conditioning", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Air conditioning, 1980s", "value": "Central AC 23% (1978 RECS) → total AC 68% (1993 RECS)", "unit": "% of households with air conditioning", "source": "eia-recs", "tier": "A", "notes": "No RECS survey falls within the 1980s decade that reports total AC. The 1978 RECS (first survey) found 23% had central AC; by the 1993 RECS, total AC (central + window units) reached 68%. The 1980s were the transition decade when AC shifted from luxury to common. Source: EIA RECS 1978 and 1993.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1980s-appliance-ownership", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Household appliance ownership, 1980", "value": "Refrigerator 99.9%, color TV 82.1%, clothes washer 71.6%, clothes dryer 46.9%, dishwasher 37.3%, microwave 14.2%, freezer 25.9%", "unit": "% of households with each appliance", "source": "eia-aer-appliances", "tier": "A", "notes": "From EIA Annual Energy Review 1988, Table 8.3 (republished in Census Bureau, USSR/USA Statistical Abstract 1990). Data sourced from RECS (Form EIA-84). By 1980, refrigerator was universal (99.9%), color TV had reached 82.1% (up from NA in 1978), and the microwave oven was diffusing rapidly (14.2%, up from 7.8% in 1978). By 1987: color TV 92.7%, microwave 60.8%, dishwasher 43.1%. The 1980s were the decade of the microwave.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 82.1 }, { "id": "us-1980s-availability-avocados", "panel": "table", "label": "Avocados available per person, 1980", "value": "2.1 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh avocados. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. 4.7 times the 1970 figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1980, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.1 }, { "id": "us-1980s-availability-bell-peppers", "panel": "table", "label": "Bell peppers available per person, 1980", "value": "2.89 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh bell peppers. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1980, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.89 }, { "id": "us-1980s-availability-broccoli", "panel": "table", "label": "Broccoli available per person, 1980", "value": "1.4 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh broccoli. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. 3.5 times the 1960 figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1980, "basis": null, "quantity": 1.4 }, { "id": "us-1980s-availability-grapes", "panel": "table", "label": "Grapes available per person, 1980", "value": "4.01 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh grapes. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1980, "basis": null, "quantity": 4.01 }, { "id": "us-1980s-average-family-size", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average family size, 1980", "value": "3.27", "unit": "persons per family", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. Down from 3.57 in 1970. By 1990: 3.18.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 3.27 }, { "id": "us-1980s-cable-tv", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Cable TV, 1988-1989", "value": "More than 52 million cable customers (50.5% penetration, 1988)", "unit": "households with cable TV subscription", "source": "ncta-cable-history", "tier": "C", "notes": "From NCTA/Syndeo Institute Cable History Timeline. NCTA reports 'more than 52 million cable customers' in 1989, with national cable penetration reaching 50.5 percent (1988). Total industry revenues exceeded $15 billion with 9,050 cable systems. Cable grew rapidly in the 1980s — NCTA reports 14.8 million households subscribed in 1979. Source: NCTA Cable History Timeline (verified 2026-07-08).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 50.5 }, { "id": "us-1980s-cancer-survival", "panel": "table", "label": "Cancer 5-year relative survival rate, 1980-1984", "value": "50.2%", "unit": "% surviving 5 years after diagnosis (relative survival, SEER 9)", "source": "seer-csr-1975-2017", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCI SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2017, Table 2.9. Modest improvement over the late 1970s. Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer was becoming standard.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 50.2 }, { "id": "us-1980s-car-price", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Average new car transaction price, 1980", "value": "$7,557", "unit": "USD, nominal (average transaction price, domestic + import)", "source": "bea-new-car-price", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BEA Average Transaction Price per New Car (ORNL TEDB Table 11.13). Prices more than doubled in the 1970s due to inflation and the oil shocks. The 1970s saw the rise of imported compact cars (Japanese), which were initially cheaper but eventually exceeded domestic prices. Population: all new passenger cars sold in the US (domestic + import).", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 755700, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1980, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1980s-cex-apparel-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Apparel share of expenditure, four-person consumer units, 1985", "value": "6.0% of total expenditures", "unit": "% of total annual expenditures", "source": "bls-cex-four-person-1985", "tier": "A", "notes": "Four-person consumer units: apparel and services of $1,871 divided by total annual expenditures of $31,408, rounded to one decimal place. The previous note transcribed the apparel operand incorrectly; the corrected percentage is unchanged. These are not all-consumer-unit estimates.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 6.0 }, { "id": "us-1980s-cex-expenditure-income-ratio", "panel": "budget", "label": "Expenditure-to-income ratio, 1985", "value": "93.5% — expenditures $23,490 vs income $25,127", "unit": "% (total expenditures ÷ income before taxes)", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "Ratio of mean annual expenditures to mean before-tax income for all consumer units in 1985. This ratio of survey means is not an individual household budget and does not establish how spending was financed.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 93.5 }, { "id": "us-1980s-cex-food-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Food share of household budget, 1985", "value": "14.8% of total expenditures", "unit": "% of total annual expenditures", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS CEX Table 4 (cusize-1985.pdf). All consumer units. Food: $3,477 of $23,490 total. Food at home: $2,037 (8.7%). Food away from home: $1,441 (6.1%).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 14.8 }, { "id": "us-1980s-cex-healthcare-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Healthcare share of household budget, 1985", "value": "4.7% of total expenditures ($1,108)", "unit": "% of total annual expenditures; USD nominal", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS CEX Table 4 (cusize-1985.pdf). All consumer units. Healthcare: $1,108 of $23,490. Health insurance: $375. Medical services: $496. Drugs: $178. Medical supplies: $60.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 4.7 }, { "id": "us-1980s-cex-total-expenditures", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average annual household expenditures, 1985", "value": "$23,490", "unit": "USD per consumer unit, nominal", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS CEX Table 4 (cusize-1985.pdf). All consumer units. Income before taxes: $25,127. Expenditure/income ratio: 93.5%. Consumer units averaged 2.6 persons; 62% were homeowners.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 23490.0 }, { "id": "us-1980s-cigarette-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult per capita cigarette consumption, 1980", "value": "3,849 cigarettes per adult per year", "unit": "cigarettes per adult (≥18 years) per year", "source": "cdc-mmwr-tobacco-surveillance", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC MMWR Surveillance Summary Vol. 43 No. SS-3, Table 1. Consumption was beginning its long decline. Total U.S. consumption peaked at 640 billion cigarettes in 1981, then fell steadily.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1980, "basis": null, "quantity": 3849.0 }, { "id": "us-1980s-computer", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Household computer ownership, 1980s", "value": "8.2% (1984) → 15.0% (1989)", "unit": "% of households with a computer", "source": "census-cps-computer", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census CPS Computer Use Supplements (reported in P20-522). Household computer ownership doubled in five years: 8.2% in 1984 (first measurement) to 15.0% in 1989. By 1993: 22.8%, by 1997: 36.6%. The personal computer was entering American homes in the 1980s, driven by falling prices and the rise of IBM PC compatibles. Source: Census P20-522, Table A.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1980s-cpi", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Consumer Price Index and purchasing power, 1980", "value": "CPI 82.4 (1980) → 313.7 (2024) = 3.8x. $1 in 1980 = $3.81 in 2024. Real median family income grew 1.32x.", "unit": "CPI-U (1982-84=100), annual average", "source": "bls-cpi", "tier": "A", "notes": "CPI from BLS series CUUR0000SA0 (confirmed via BLS API). 1980: 82.4. 2024: 313.7. Ratio: 3.81x. Nominal median family income: $21,020 (1980) → $105,800 (2024) = 5.03x. Real growth: 5.03/3.81 = 1.32x. The 1970s inflation had doubled the price level; the 1980s Volcker disinflation brought inflation under control.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1980, "basis": null, "quantity": 82.4 }, { "id": "us-1980s-education", "panel": "day", "label": "Educational attainment, 1980", "value": "HS grad or more: 68.6%, Bachelor's or more: 17.0%, Less than 9th grade: 17.5%. Median school years: 12.5.", "unit": "% of population 25+ (all races, both sexes); median years completed", "source": "census-table-a1-a2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table A-1. Decennial census. HS graduation approaching 70%. Less-than-9th-grade fell below 20% — down from 60% in 1940. Bachelor's or more crossed 17%. Median school years: 12.5 — just past high school graduation.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 68.6 }, { "id": "us-1980s-ethanol-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "Alcohol consumed per person, 1980", "value": "2.75 gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "unit": "gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "source": "niaaa-surveillance-122", "tier": "A", "notes": "The modern peak: 1981 reaches 2.76, the highest figure in the table since 1915. Consumption then falls for a decade.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1980, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.75 }, { "id": "us-1980s-expenditure-shares", "panel": "budget", "label": "Expenditure breakdown, 4-person families, 1985", "value": "Housing 29.5%, transportation 20.6%, food 15.0%, insurance/pensions 9.8%, entertainment 5.3%, healthcare 4.1%, apparel 6.0%, cash contributions 2.6%, education 1.5%", "unit": "% of total annual expenditure", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1985 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Table 4 (Size of consumer unit). 13,671 thousand 4-person CUs. Total expenditures: $31,408. Income before taxes: $34,414. Expenditure = 91% of gross income. Transportation share peaked in the 1980s at 20.6%. Source: BLS CEX Table 4, 1985 (cusize.pdf via Wayback Machine, web.archive.org).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "income-vs-consumption", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 29.5 }, { "id": "us-1980s-food-basket", "panel": "table", "label": "Food basket and expenditure breakdown, 1985 (CEX)", "value": "Food $4,706/yr (15.0% of expenditure). Food at home $2,900 (62% of food), food away from home $1,806 (38%). Key items: meats/poultry/fish/eggs $832, cereals/bakery $410, dairy $404, fruits/vegetables $425, beef $290, fresh milk $202. Total expenditure: $31,408.", "unit": "USD per family per year, nominal", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1985 CEX, Table 4. 13,671 thousand 4-person CUs. Food at home share: 62%, food away: 38%. Food away from home was growing as a share of total food expenditure. Source: BLS CEX Table 4, 1985 (via Wayback Machine).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "income-vs-consumption", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 15.0 }, { "id": "us-1980s-food-prices", "panel": "table", "label": "Retail food prices, December 1980", "value": "Bread $0.52/lb, ground beef $1.86/lb, bacon $1.71/lb, eggs $1.03/doz, lettuce $0.48/lb", "unit": "USD, retail prices (December 1980, BLS API)", "source": "bls-api", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS API: APU0000702111 (bread, white, pan, per lb), APU0000703111 (ground chuck, per lb), APU0000704111 (bacon, per lb), APU0000708111 (eggs, per doz), APU0000712211 (lettuce, per lb). Values are December 1980 monthly averages. CORRECTION 2026-07-08: previous version had mismatched labels (same error as 2020s room — series IDs were assigned to wrong food items). Bread at $0.52/lb is 2.2× the 1970 price (23.9¢). Ground beef at $1.86/lb is 1.4× the 1970 price. Food prices surged in the late 1970s due to inflation: the CPI for food rose 8.6% in 1978, 10.9% in 1979, and 8.6% in 1980.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1980s-heart-disease-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Heart disease age-adjusted death rate, 1980", "value": "412.1 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-mortality-trends", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NCHS. Down 30% from the 1950 peak. Beta-blockers, bypass surgery, and the emergence of thrombolytic therapy drove the decline.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 412.1 }, { "id": "us-1980s-heating-fuel", "panel": "home", "label": "House heating fuel, 1980", "value": "Utility gas 53%, electricity 18%, fuel oil/kerosene 18%, bottled/LP gas 6%, wood 3%, coal 1%", "unit": "% of occupied housing units reporting heating fuel", "source": "census-hist-housing-fuels", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1980 Census of Housing. Electricity surged to 18.4% (up from 7.7% in 1970) as heat pumps became affordable. Gas remained dominant but plateaued at 53%. Coal was essentially eliminated (0.6%). Source: fuels1980.txt, www2.census.gov.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1980s-home-as-income-years", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Median home value as years of median family income, 1980", "value": "2.24 years ($47,200 home vs $21,020 income)", "unit": "years of median family income (nominal)", "source": "census-historical-housing-values", "tier": "C", "notes": "Computed: 1980 median home value ($47,200) / 1980 median family income ($21,020). Up from 1.72 in 1970 — 1970s inflation had pushed home prices ahead of incomes.", "assumptions": [ "affordability-normalization", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1980s-home-production-men", "panel": "day", "label": "Men's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1985", "value": "13.9", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age men (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 7, 'All Prime-Age Men' column. Early estimates from Purnell Act studies and Lundberg et al. (1934); 1965+ from AHTUS/BLS. Men's hours rose 13 hrs/week across the century (3.9→16.8), partially offsetting women's decline. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 13.9 }, { "id": "us-1980s-home-production-women", "panel": "day", "label": "Women's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1985", "value": "28.4", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age women (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 6A, 'All Prime-Age Women' column. Reconstruction from historical time-diary studies (Purnell Act 1920s, Wilson 1929, USDA 1944) linked to AHTUS/BLS surveys from 1965. Includes food prep, house cleaning, clothing care, childcare, purchasing, and household management. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated. Draft version (NBER w13985) has identical values. Splice caveat: Ramey measures women-specific home production ages 18-64; ATUS (2020s room) measures all-adult household activities age 15+ — a concept change that must caveat when plotted together.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 28.4 }, { "id": "us-1980s-homeownership", "panel": "home", "label": "Homeownership rate, 1980", "value": "64.4%", "unit": "% of occupied dwelling units (owner-occupied)", "source": "census-homeownership-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Bureau decennial time series (owner.pdf). Up from 62.9% in 1970. High interest rates (mortgage rates peaked ~18% in 1981) would pressure homeownership later in the decade.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 64.4 }, { "id": "us-1980s-hourly-earnings-manufacturing", "panel": "day", "label": "Average hourly earnings, manufacturing production workers, 1980", "value": "$7.15", "unit": "USD per hour, nominal", "source": "fred-ces-manuf-earnings", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted observations for 1980, retrieved from the BLS Public Data API on 2026-09-07. The saved response and all month/year labels are audit inputs.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 715, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1980, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1980s-infant-mortality", "panel": "day", "label": "Infant mortality rate, 1980", "value": "12.6 per 1,000 live births", "unit": "deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births", "source": "nchs-nvss", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS, Health, United States, 2016, Table 11. All races. Neonatal: 8.5; postneonatal: 4.1. The early 1980s saw a slowdown in decline, then artificial pulmonary surfactant (1989-91) reduced respiratory distress syndrome deaths.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 12.6 }, { "id": "us-1980s-life-expectancy", "panel": "day", "label": "Life expectancy at birth, 1980", "value": "70.0 male, 77.5 female (73.7 total, all races)", "unit": "years", "source": "nchs-nvss", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS National Vital Statistics System. Up from ~67.1/74.8 in 1970 (all races). The 1980s saw continued gains from cardiovascular disease treatment advances.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 73.7 }, { "id": "us-1980s-married-women-lfpr", "panel": "day", "label": "Married women's labor force participation, 1980", "value": "49.8%", "unit": "% of married women (spouse present) in the civilian labor force", "source": "statab-lfpr-marital", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Statistical Abstract Table 596 (11s0596.xls, BLS CPS annual averages). Crossed 50% by 1983 (51.8%). Up from 40.5% in 1970. The 1980s saw the steepest decade gain (+9.3 pp) as the dual-earner family became the norm. By 1990: 58.4%.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 49.8 }, { "id": "us-1980s-median-age-first-marriage", "panel": "day", "label": "Median age at first marriage, 1980", "value": "Men: 24.7, Women: 22.0", "unit": "years (median age at first marriage)", "source": "census-table-ms2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table MS-2. CPS ASEC. Marriage ages rose sharply in the 1970s — up 1.5 years for men, 1.2 for women. The women's movement, contraception (Roe v. Wade 1973), and delayed family formation were reshaping the composite family.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 24.7 }, { "id": "us-1980s-median-family-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, all families, 1980", "value": "$21,020", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. All families: 60,310 thousand, median $21,020 ($71,470 in 2024 dollars). The stagflation of the 1970s had eroded real wages; the 1980s would see recovery in nominal terms but rising inequality.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 21020.0 }, { "id": "us-1980s-median-gross-rent", "panel": "home", "label": "Median gross rent, 1980", "value": "$243/month", "unit": "USD, nominal (median gross rent, specified renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent)", "source": "census-hist-housing-rents", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables: Gross Rents (grossrents-unadj.txt). Up from $108 in 1970 — more than doubling due to 1970s inflation. In 2000 dollars: $481/month. Cross-verified: NHGIS 1980 national median contract rent was $199 (C8O001, STF 1 100% data); the $243 figure is median gross rent (includes utilities), from STF 4Hb sample data.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 243.0 }, { "id": "us-1980s-median-home-size", "panel": "home", "label": "Median square footage of new single-family homes, 1980", "value": "1,595 sq ft (new construction)", "unit": "median square feet of floor area, new single-family houses completed", "source": "census-soc-new-housing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the Census Bureau's Survey of Construction (C-25 annual report). New homes were modestly larger than 1973 (1,525). The 1980s saw a dip then recovery: 1982 was 1,520 (recession), 1985 was 1,605, 1989 was 1,850. By 1990: 1,905. Source: c25ann2003.pdf, 'Median and Average Square Feet of Floor Area in New Single-Family Houses Completed.'", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 1595.0 }, { "id": "us-1980s-median-home-value", "panel": "home", "label": "Median value of owner-occupied homes, 1980", "value": "$47,200", "unit": "USD, nominal", "source": "census-historical-housing-values", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables (values-unadj.txt). Up from $17,000 in 1970 — nearly tripling in nominal terms due to 1970s inflation. By 1990: $79,100.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 4720000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1980, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1980s-median-income-four-person", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, four-person families, 1980", "value": "$24,330", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. 4-person families: median $24,330 ($82,720 in 2024 dollars). Average family size: 3.27.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "four-person-normalization", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 2433000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1980, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 24330.0 }, { "id": "us-1980s-median-net-worth", "panel": "day", "label": "Median family net worth, 1983", "value": "$42,700 (42.7 thousand, 1989 dollars)", "unit": "median net worth, all families (SCF)", "source": "fed-scf", "tier": "A", "notes": "From SCF 1983-1989 Federal Reserve Bulletin (bull0192.pdf, January 1992, Table 2). First modern SCF survey (1983). Median family net worth in 1989 dollars. This is the first true median household wealth figure in the Vitrine corpus — all earlier net worth facts are aggregate. The SCF surveys ~4,100 families every 3 years. Note: values are in 1989 dollars (the 1983-89 bulletin's base year), not directly comparable to later SCF Chartbook figures in 2016 dollars.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 42.7 }, { "id": "us-1980s-nhe-medicaid", "panel": "table", "label": "Medicaid spending, 1980", "value": "$26,032 million (10.3% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Medicaid: $26,032M of $253,217M total.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 26032.0 }, { "id": "us-1980s-nhe-medicare", "panel": "table", "label": "Medicare spending, 1980", "value": "$37,387 million (14.8% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Medicare: $37,387M of $253,217M total.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 37387.0 }, { "id": "us-1980s-nhe-out-of-pocket-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Out-of-pocket share of health spending, 1980", "value": "21.8% of national health expenditures paid out of pocket", "unit": "% of total NHE", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02. Out of pocket: $55,251M of $253,217M total. Down from 32.7% in 1970. Private health insurance expansion continued shifting costs away from direct payment.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 21.8 }, { "id": "us-1980s-nhe-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "National health spending per person, 1980", "value": "$1,099 per capita ($930 for personal health care)", "unit": "USD per person, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 01 (NHE24_Summary.csv). NHE per capita: $1,099. Personal Health Care per capita: $930. Population: 230M.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 1099.0 }, { "id": "us-1980s-nhe-prescription-drugs", "panel": "table", "label": "Prescription drug spending, 1980", "value": "$12,049 million (4.8% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Prescription drugs: $12,049M of $253,217M total.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 12049.0 }, { "id": "us-1980s-nhe-total", "panel": "table", "label": "Healthcare spending, 1980", "value": "$253.2 billion (8.9% of GDP)", "unit": "USD billions, nominal; NHE as % of GDP", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 01. NHE: $253.2B. GDP: $2,857.3B. Per capita: $1,099. Healthcare's GDP share jumped 2 percentage points in the 1970s as Medicare/Medicaid expanded and medical inflation outpaced general inflation.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 8.9 }, { "id": "us-1980s-number-of-families", "panel": "budget", "label": "Number of families in the United States, 1980", "value": "60,310,000", "unit": "families", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 60310000.0 }, { "id": "us-1980s-plumbing", "panel": "home", "label": "Complete plumbing facilities, 1980", "value": "97.3% of homes had complete plumbing (2.7% lacked)", "unit": "% of occupied housing units with hot/cold water + flush toilet + bathtub", "source": "census-hist-housing-plumbing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables: Plumbing (plumbing-tab.txt, US row: 2,333,690 of 86,692,823 occupied units lacking). Down from 6.9% lacking in 1970. By 1990: 1.1% lacked.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.7 }, { "id": "us-1980s-poverty-rate", "panel": "budget", "label": "Official poverty rate, 1980", "value": "13.0% (29.3 million people in poverty)", "unit": "% of all people below official poverty level", "source": "census-poverty-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Poverty Tables (API: histpov2). Official poverty rate: 13.0%. Family poverty: 11.5%. Poverty rose from 12.6% (1970) due to stagflation and the early 1980s recessions. By 1985: 14.0%.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 13.0 }, { "id": "us-1980s-produce-department-skus", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Items stocked in the average supermarket produce department, 1987", "value": "173 items (stockkeeping units)", "unit": "stockkeeping units in the average supermarket produce department", "source": "usda-ers-aib758", "tier": "C", "notes": "What the average supermarket's produce department stocked, by the trade's own count. A stockkeeping unit is a distinct item on the shelf — one commodity in one form, package or brand — so this counts the shop's assortment, not the diet, and does not measure the same thing as the commodity variety the FADS record tracks. Basis: ERS's AIB-758 relays Litwak's surveys of supermarket produce departments (Supermarket Business, 1988 and 1998 volumes, reporting 1987 and 1997) — a commercial period-survey proxy relayed by a federal bulletin, Tier C; it is not official microdata computed by this project. The pair this belongs to: the assortment nearly doubled across the decade this card sits in.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1987, "basis": null, "quantity": 173.0 }, { "id": "us-1980s-smoking-prevalence", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult cigarette smoking prevalence, 1980", "value": "33.2% of adults smoked (37.6% of men, 29.3% of women)", "unit": "% of adults ≥18 who currently smoke (NHIS)", "source": "cdc-nhis-smoking-prevalence", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NHIS (compiled by American Lung Association). Steady decline from 37.4% in 1970. The 1988 Surgeon General's Report on nicotine addiction further increased awareness.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1980, "basis": null, "quantity": 33.2 }, { "id": "us-1980s-teen-birth-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Births per 1,000 women aged 15-19, 1980", "value": "53.0 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19", "unit": "live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19", "source": "nchs-hus-2019-table1", "tier": "A", "notes": "The low point of the century's second half so far — and not the end of the story: the rate rises again by 1990.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1980, "basis": null, "quantity": 53.0 }, { "id": "us-1980s-telephone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Telephone in housing unit, 1980", "value": "92.9% (7.1% without telephone)", "unit": "% of occupied housing units with telephone", "source": "census-hist-housing-phone", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1980 Census of Housing, Historical Census of Housing Tables: Telephones. Up from 87.0% (1970), reaching 94.8% by 1990. Telephone was nearly universal by 1980. Source: phone-tab.txt, www2.census.gov.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 92.9 }, { "id": "us-1980s-traffic-death-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Road deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles, 1980", "value": "3.35 deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "unit": "deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "source": "fhwa-fi200-2023", "tier": "A", "notes": "Seat-belt laws spread across the states through this decade, and the rate fell from 3.35 to 2.08 across it.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1980, "basis": null, "quantity": 3.35 }, { "id": "us-1980s-vehicle-ownership", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with at least one vehicle, 1980", "value": "87.1% (12.9% with no vehicle); avg 1.7 vehicles per household", "unit": "% of occupied housing units with 1+ vehicles", "source": "bts-vehicle-availability", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BTS Figure 2-7 (Census Bureau decennial census, 1980). 12.9% had no vehicle, 35.5% had one, 34.0% had two, 17.5% had three or more. The two-car family became the norm — 34% of households had two vehicles, up from 19.0% in 1960. By 1990: 88.5%. Population: all occupied housing units.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 87.1 }, { "id": "us-1980s-wages", "panel": "day", "label": "Average hourly earnings, total private production and nonsupervisory employees, 1980", "value": "$6.85", "unit": "USD per hour, nominal", "source": "fred-ahetpi", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted BLS CES0500000008 observations for 1980. Audited against the saved BLS API response retrieved 2026-09-07; rounded once to cents. This is an average worker wage, not median family income.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 685, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1980, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1980s-week-of-work-buys", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "What a week of work bought, 1980", "value": "$241.12/week — a full year of it (×52) ≈ 60% of median family income", "unit": "weekly earnings vs annual median family income", "source": "fred-ahetpi", "tier": "A", "notes": "The product of the rounded hourly wage and weekly-hours observations for total-private production and nonsupervisory employees is $241.12. Assuming 52 paid weeks gives $12,538.24, or 59.6% of the all-family median income of $21,020 (Census F-8). Worker and family survey populations differ. This illustrative ratio does not establish household needs, income sufficiency, or the number of earners in a family.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1980s-weekly-hours-manufacturing", "panel": "day", "label": "Average weekly hours, manufacturing production workers, 1980", "value": "39.7", "unit": "hours per week", "source": "fred-awhman", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted observations for 1980, retrieved from the BLS Public Data API on 2026-09-07. The saved response and all month/year labels are audit inputs.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 39.7 }, { "id": "us-1980s-weekly-hours-total-private", "panel": "day", "label": "Average weekly hours, total private production and nonsupervisory employees, 1980", "value": "35.2", "unit": "hours per week", "source": "fred-awhnonag", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted observations for 1980, retrieved from the BLS Public Data API on 2026-09-07. The saved response and all month/year labels are audit inputs.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 35.2 } ], "derived": [ { "id": "us-1980s-produce-variety-count", "panel": "table", "label": "Fresh-produce commodities at a pound or more per person, 1980", "unit": "of the fresh-produce commodities ERS tracked that year", "op": "count_above", "numerator": "", "denominator": "", "precision": 1, "notes": "Every fresh fruit and vegetable commodity sheet in the two ERS fresh workbooks, counted when the food supply provided at least a full pound per person that year, farm weight. The total is the commodities ERS tracked that year: series that had not yet begun or had already ended are outside the count, so a widening record cannot masquerade as rising variety. Availability is a disappearance estimate — what the supply made available, not what anyone ate; the rule and its rationale are in the assumption ledger (produce-variety-rule).", "assumptions": [ "produce-variety-rule", "composite-family" ], "inflate_series": "", "inflate_from_year": 0, "inflate_to_year": 0, "count_series": [ "us-availability-apples", "us-availability-apricots", "us-availability-artichokes", "us-availability-asparagus", "us-availability-avocados", "us-availability-bananas", "us-availability-bell-peppers", "us-availability-blueberries", "us-availability-broccoli", "us-availability-brussels-sprouts", "us-availability-cabbage", "us-availability-cantaloupe", "us-availability-carrots", "us-availability-cauliflower", "us-availability-celery", "us-availability-collards", "us-availability-cucumbers", "us-availability-eggplant", "us-availability-escarole", "us-availability-garlic", "us-availability-grapefruit", "us-availability-grapes", "us-availability-head-lettuce", "us-availability-honeydew", "us-availability-kale", "us-availability-kiwifruit", "us-availability-lemons", "us-availability-lima-beans", "us-availability-limes", "us-availability-mangoes", "us-availability-mushrooms", "us-availability-mustard-greens", "us-availability-okra", "us-availability-onions", "us-availability-oranges", "us-availability-papayas", "us-availability-peaches", "us-availability-pears", "us-availability-pineapples", "us-availability-potatoes", "us-availability-pumpkin", "us-availability-radishes", "us-availability-raspberries", "us-availability-romaine", "us-availability-snap-beans", "us-availability-spinach", "us-availability-squash", "us-availability-strawberries", "us-availability-sweet-corn", "us-availability-sweet-potatoes", "us-availability-tangerines", "us-availability-tomatoes", "us-availability-turnip-greens", "us-availability-watermelon" ], "threshold": 1.0, "at_year": 1980, "value": "31 of 45", "computed_value": 31.0, "computed_amount_minor": null, "computed_currency": null, "tier": "A", "inflation": null } ] }, { "country": "us", "decade": "1990s", "slug": "us-1990s", "wage_anchor": "us-1990s-wages", "income_anchor": "us-1990s-median-income-four-person", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "us-1990s-air-conditioning", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Homes with air conditioning, 1993 (RECS)", "value": "68%", "unit": "% of occupied housing units with AC", "source": "eia-recs", "tier": "A", "notes": "RECS 1993: 68% of all occupied housing units had AC. Rose to 87% by 2009 RECS. EIA: 'As recently as 1993, only 68% of all occupied housing units had AC. The latest results from the 2009 RECS show that 87% of U.S. households are now equipped with AC.' (EIA.gov/consumption/residential/reports.php). South region: 89% in 1993 (65% central, 27% room).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 68.0 }, { "id": "us-1990s-availability-avocados", "panel": "table", "label": "Avocados available per person, 1990", "value": "1.42 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh avocados. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. 3.2 times the 1970 figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1990, "basis": null, "quantity": 1.42 }, { "id": "us-1990s-availability-bell-peppers", "panel": "table", "label": "Bell peppers available per person, 1990", "value": "5.88 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh bell peppers. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. 2.8 times the 1960 figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1990, "basis": null, "quantity": 5.88 }, { "id": "us-1990s-availability-broccoli", "panel": "table", "label": "Broccoli available per person, 1990", "value": "3.37 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh broccoli. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. 8.4 times the 1960 figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1990, "basis": null, "quantity": 3.37 }, { "id": "us-1990s-availability-grapes", "panel": "table", "label": "Grapes available per person, 1990", "value": "7.91 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh grapes. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. 2.7 times the 1970 figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1990, "basis": null, "quantity": 7.91 }, { "id": "us-1990s-average-family-size", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average family size, 1990", "value": "3.18", "unit": "persons per family", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. Down from 3.27 in 1980. By 2000: 3.14.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 3.18 }, { "id": "us-1990s-cable-tv", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with cable TV, 1992", "value": "59.3% of TV households (55.2M subscribers)", "unit": "% of U.S. TV households with cable TV subscription", "source": "fcc-video-competition", "tier": "A", "notes": "FCC Fourth Annual Report on Video Competition (FCC 97-423, adopted Dec 1997), Table B-1, p.142: 'Cable Television Industry Growth: 1990-June 1997.' Year-by-year data: 1990: 55.5% (51.7M), 1991: 58.0% (53.4M), 1992: 59.3% (55.2M), 1993: 60.7% (57.2M), 1994: 62.6% (59.7M), 1995: 64.8% (62.1M). Cable penetration crossed 60% in mid-1991 (60.3% per Nielsen, CSMonitor June 1991). TV Household data from A.C. Nielsen via Veronis Suhler; subscriber data from Paul Kagan Associates. Previous source attribution (ncta-cable-history) was incorrect — the NCTA timeline does not contain year-by-year penetration percentages. Verified against local PDF: ~/vitrine-research/09-fcc/fcc97423.pdf.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 59.3 }, { "id": "us-1990s-cancer-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Cancer age-adjusted death rate, 1990", "value": "216.0 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-mortality-trends", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NCHS. This is the all-time U.S. peak for cancer mortality. After 1990, cancer death rates began a sustained decline driven by smoking cessation, early detection, and improved treatments.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 216.0 }, { "id": "us-1990s-cancer-survival", "panel": "table", "label": "Cancer 5-year relative survival rate, 1990-1994", "value": "60.4%", "unit": "% surviving 5 years after diagnosis (relative survival, SEER 9)", "source": "seer-csr-1975-2017", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCI SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2017, Table 2.9. Major jump from the 1980s — driven by PSA testing, mammography, and combination chemotherapy.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 60.4 }, { "id": "us-1990s-car-price", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Average new car transaction price, 1990", "value": "$15,033", "unit": "USD, nominal (average transaction price, domestic + import)", "source": "bea-new-car-price", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BEA Average Transaction Price per New Car (ORNL TEDB Table 11.13). Prices nearly doubled in the 1980s as cars gained features (airbags, ABS, fuel injection, electronics). The 1990s would see the rise of SUVs and minivans, though this series excludes those categories. Population: all new passenger cars sold in the US.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 1503300, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1990, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1990s-cell-phone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Cell phone subscriptions, 1990s", "value": "2.1 per 100 people (1990) → 12.7 (1995) → 25.1 (1998) → 38.9 (2000)", "unit": "mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 people", "source": "worldbank-itu-telecom", "tier": "A", "notes": "FRED series ITCELSETSP2USA (World Bank/ITU). Subscriptions per 100 people, not household penetration — many households had multiple lines by 2000. CTIA reports similar numbers. Does not equal '% of households with a cell phone' because subscriptions ≠ households. The 2000s room carries '~40% (2000)' from Pew, which measures adult ownership.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1990s-cex-apparel-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Apparel share of expenditure, four-person consumer units, 1996", "value": "5.7% of total expenditures", "unit": "% of total annual expenditures", "source": "bls-cex-four-person-1996", "tier": "A", "notes": "Four-person consumer units: apparel and services of $2,492 divided by total annual expenditures of $43,670, rounded to one decimal place. The previous note transcribed the apparel operand incorrectly; the corrected percentage is unchanged. These are not all-consumer-unit estimates.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 5.7 }, { "id": "us-1990s-cex-expenditure-income-ratio", "panel": "budget", "label": "Expenditure-to-income ratio, 1996", "value": "88.9% — expenditures $33,797 vs income $38,014", "unit": "% (total expenditures ÷ income before taxes)", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "Ratio of mean annual expenditures to mean before-tax income for all consumer units in 1996. This ratio of survey means is not an individual household budget and does not establish how spending was financed.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 88.9 }, { "id": "us-1990s-cex-healthcare-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Healthcare share of household budget, 1996", "value": "5.2% of total expenditures ($1,770)", "unit": "% of total annual expenditures; USD nominal", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS CEX Table 4 (cusize-1996.pdf). All consumer units. Healthcare: $1,770 of $33,797. Health insurance: $827. Medical services: $543. Drugs: $303. Medical supplies: $97. Healthcare share rose from 4.7% (1985) to 5.2% (1996).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 5.2 }, { "id": "us-1990s-cex-total-expenditures", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average annual household expenditures, 1996", "value": "$33,797", "unit": "USD per consumer unit, nominal", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS CEX Table 4 (cusize-1996.pdf). All consumer units. Income before taxes: $38,014. Expenditure/income ratio: 88.9%. Consumer units averaged 2.5 persons; 64% were homeowners.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 33797.0 }, { "id": "us-1990s-cigarette-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult per capita cigarette consumption, 1990", "value": "2,817 cigarettes per adult per year", "unit": "cigarettes per adult (≥18 years) per year", "source": "cdc-mmwr-tobacco-surveillance", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC MMWR Surveillance Summary Vol. 43 No. SS-3, Table 1. Consumption had fallen sharply from the 1980 level of 3,849. The 1990s saw the Master Settlement Agreement (1998) between major tobacco companies and 46 states.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1990, "basis": null, "quantity": 2817.0 }, { "id": "us-1990s-computer", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with a computer, 1997 (Census CPS)", "value": "36.6%", "unit": "% of households with a computer", "source": "census-cps-computer", "tier": "A", "notes": "Census Bureau, Current Population Reports P20-522, 'Computer Use in the United States: October 1997' (Sept 1999). 37.4M households (36.6%) had computers in Oct 1997. Historical trend: 8.2% (1984), 15.0% (1989), 22.8% (1993), 36.6% (1997). The 1997 CPS was the first to include Internet questions. NTIA 'Falling Through the Net' reports ~42% computer ownership (1998) and ~51% (2000). Internet access: ~18% of households (1997, NTIA), ~26% (1998), ~41% (2000). Internet figures are widely cited from NTIA/CPS but the exact household-level percentage hasn't been directly transcribed from the primary Census table in this session.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 36.6 }, { "id": "us-1990s-cpi", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Consumer Price Index and purchasing power, 1990", "value": "CPI 130.7 (1990) → 313.7 (2024) = 2.4x. $1 in 1990 = $2.40 in 2024. Real median family income grew 1.25x.", "unit": "CPI-U (1982-84=100), annual average", "source": "bls-cpi", "tier": "A", "notes": "CPI from BLS series CUUR0000SA0 (confirmed via BLS API). 1990: 130.7. 2024: 313.7. Ratio: 2.40x. Nominal median family income: $35,350 (1990) → $105,800 (2024) = 2.99x. Real growth: 2.99/2.40 = 1.25x. Real income growth was slowing — the 1990s-2020s saw the lowest real gains in the century.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1990, "basis": null, "quantity": 130.7 }, { "id": "us-1990s-education", "panel": "day", "label": "Educational attainment, 1990", "value": "HS grad or more: 77.6%, Bachelor's or more: 21.3%, Less than 9th grade: 11.2%. Median school years: 12.7.", "unit": "% of population 25+ (all races, both sexes); median years completed", "source": "census-table-a1-a2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table A-1. Decennial census. HS graduation approaching 80%. Less-than-9th-grade down to 11% — from 60% in 1940. Bachelor's or more crossed 21%. Median school years: 12.7.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 77.6 }, { "id": "us-1990s-energy-expenditure", "panel": "home", "label": "Household energy expenditures, 1993 (RECS)", "value": "$123.91 billion total ($1,620 per household/year, ~4.6% of median family income)", "unit": "billion USD, nominal", "source": "eia-recs", "tier": "A", "notes": "From RECS 1993, Table 5.3 (Total Expenditures). Electricity: $81.08B (65.4%), natural gas: $32.04B (25.9%), fuel oil: $6.61B, LPG: $3.81B, kerosene: $0.37B. Average per household: $1,620/year. With 1990 median family income at $35,350 (Census F-8), energy was ~4.6% of median family income. 76.5 million households. Source: recs-1993-consumption-expenditures.pdf, Table 5.3.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 123.91 }, { "id": "us-1990s-energy-per-household", "panel": "home", "label": "Average household energy consumption, 1993 (RECS)", "value": "103.6 million Btu per household ($1,620/year)", "unit": "million Btu per household per year", "source": "eia-recs", "tier": "A", "notes": "From RECS 1993, Table 5.1 (Consumption and Expenditures). Average across all 76.5 million households. Total site energy: 10.01 quadrillion Btu. Per household member: 40 million Btu. Source: recs-1993-consumption-expenditures.pdf, Table 5.1.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 103.6 }, { "id": "us-1990s-ethanol-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "Alcohol consumed per person, 1990", "value": "2.45 gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "unit": "gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "source": "niaaa-surveillance-122", "tier": "A", "notes": "The fall from the 1981 peak continued through the decade, reaching 2.15 by 1995 — the lowest since 1963.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1990, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.45 }, { "id": "us-1990s-expenditure-shares", "panel": "budget", "label": "Expenditure breakdown, 4-person families, 1996", "value": "Housing 31.3%, transportation 18.7%, food 15.0%, insurance/pensions 10.1%, entertainment 6.0%, healthcare 4.3%, apparel 5.7%, cash contributions 2.1%, education 1.8%", "unit": "% of total annual expenditure", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1996 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Table 4 (Size of consumer unit). 15,261 thousand 4-person CUs. Total expenditures: $43,670. Income before taxes: $50,836. Expenditure = 86% of gross income. Housing crossed 31% for the first time. Source: BLS CEX Table 4, 1996 (cusize.pdf via Wayback Machine, web.archive.org).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "income-vs-consumption", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 31.3 }, { "id": "us-1990s-food-basket", "panel": "table", "label": "Food basket and expenditure breakdown, 1996 (CEX)", "value": "Food $6,535/yr (15.0% of expenditure). Food at home $4,046 (62% of food), food away from home $2,489 (38%). Key items: meats/poultry/fish/eggs $1,064, cereals/bakery $658, fruits/vegetables $638, dairy $448, beef $319. Total expenditure: $43,670.", "unit": "USD per family per year, nominal", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 1996 CEX, Table 4. 15,261 thousand 4-person CUs. Food at home share: 62%, food away: 38%. Source: BLS CEX Table 4, 1996 (via Wayback Machine).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "income-vs-consumption", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 15.0 }, { "id": "us-1990s-food-prices", "panel": "table", "label": "Retail food prices, December 1990", "value": "Bread $0.70/lb, ground beef $2.02/lb, bacon $2.28/lb, eggs $1.00/doz, lettuce $0.58/lb", "unit": "USD, retail prices (December 1990, BLS API)", "source": "bls-api", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS API: APU0000702111 (bread, white, pan, per lb), APU0000703111 (ground chuck, per lb), APU0000704111 (bacon, per lb), APU0000708111 (eggs, per doz), APU0000712211 (lettuce, per lb). Values are December 1990 monthly averages. CORRECTION 2026-07-08: previous version had mismatched labels (same error as 2020s room). Food price inflation moderated in the 1980s after the Volcker disinflation. Bread up 35% from 1980 ($0.52→$0.70), ground beef up 9% ($1.86→$2.02).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1990s-heart-disease-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Heart disease age-adjusted death rate, 1990", "value": "321.8 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-mortality-trends", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NCHS. Down 45% from the 1950 peak. ACE inhibitors, aspirin prophylaxis, and angioplasty became standard. Statins (lovastatin FDA-approved 1987) were entering widespread use.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 321.8 }, { "id": "us-1990s-heating-fuel", "panel": "home", "label": "House heating fuel, 1993 RECS", "value": "Natural gas 53.2%, electricity 25.8%, fuel oil 10.5%, LPG 4.8%", "unit": "% of U.S. households using each fuel as main space heating source (weighted, RECS 1993 microdata)", "source": "eia-recs", "tier": "A", "notes": "Computed from RECS 1993 microdata (file2_asc.txt, FUELHEAT variable, weighted with NWEIGHT). 7,111 households sampled. Gas: 53.2% (up from 55% in 1980 Census — roughly stable). Electricity: 25.8% (up from 18% in 1980). Fuel oil: 10.5% (down from 19% in 1980). LPG: 4.8%. Other (wood, kerosene, etc.): 4.8%. None: 0.9%. The 1990s were a transition decade: fuel oil declining, electricity rising. By 2001: gas 55.2%, electricity 28.9%, fuel oil 7.5%. By 2009: gas 49%, electricity 34%, fuel oil 6%.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1990s-home-as-income-years", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Median home value as years of median family income, 1990", "value": "2.24 years ($79,100 home vs $35,350 income)", "unit": "years of median family income (nominal)", "source": "census-historical-housing-values", "tier": "C", "notes": "Computed: 1990 median home value ($79,100) / 1990 median family income ($35,350). Flat from 2.24 in 1980 — both home values and incomes roughly doubled in the 1980s.", "assumptions": [ "affordability-normalization", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1990s-home-production-men", "panel": "day", "label": "Men's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1990s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age men (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "D", "notes": "Ramey (2009) does not report a 1990s benchmark for men (same gap as women: 1992-94 survey excluded). Series jumps from 1985 (13.9 hrs) to 2003 (17.2 hrs).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1990s-home-production-women", "panel": "day", "label": "Women's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 1990s", "value": "no reliable record accessible online", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age women (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "D", "notes": "Ramey (2009) does not report a 1990s benchmark. She explicitly excludes the 1992-94 time use survey ('I do not use the 1992-94 survey because of key missing data such as marital status and the problems with that survey discussed by Robinson and Godbey'). The series jumps from 1985 (28.4 hrs) to 2003 (29.7 hrs). Interpolation would be misleading given the non-monotonic trend. ATUS begins 2003 but measures all adults, not women-specifically.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1990s-homeownership", "panel": "home", "label": "Homeownership rate, 1990", "value": "64.2%", "unit": "% of occupied dwelling units (owner-occupied)", "source": "census-homeownership-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Bureau decennial time series (owner.pdf). Roughly flat from 64.4% in 1980. The 1990s would see a sustained rise as the economy boomed.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 64.2 }, { "id": "us-1990s-hourly-earnings-manufacturing", "panel": "day", "label": "Average hourly earnings, manufacturing production workers, 1990", "value": "$10.77", "unit": "USD per hour, nominal", "source": "fred-ces-manuf-earnings", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted observations for 1990, retrieved from the BLS Public Data API on 2026-09-07. The saved response and all month/year labels are audit inputs.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 1077, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1990, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1990s-infant-mortality", "panel": "day", "label": "Infant mortality rate, 1990", "value": "9.2 per 1,000 live births", "unit": "deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births", "source": "nchs-nvss", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS, Health, United States, 2016, Table 11. All races. Neonatal: 5.8; postneonatal: 3.4. The 1990s decline was driven by a 50%+ reduction in SIDS rates (back-to-sleep campaign) and improved survival of low-birthweight infants.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 9.2 }, { "id": "us-1990s-internet", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Internet adoption, 1995", "value": "~14% of adults (1995), rising to ~46% by 2000", "unit": "% of adults who use the internet", "source": "pew-internet-broadband", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Pew Research Center Internet & American Life Project. The World Wide Web went public ~1993-94. By 1995, ~14% of adults used the internet; by 2000, ~46%. The 1990s were the decade when the internet entered American homes — initially via dial-up modem.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1990s-internet-households", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with internet access, 1997-1998", "value": "~18% (1997) → ~26% (1998)", "unit": "% of households with internet access", "source": "ntia-fttn-2000", "tier": "C", "notes": "NTIA 'Falling Through the Net' series, based on Census CPS supplements (Nov 1994, Oct 1997, Dec 1998, Aug 2000). Internet access was first measured in the 1997 CPS. The 2000s room carries 'Internet: 46% (2000)' from Pew. The Census P20-522 report (Table C) shows 70.9% of adults with a home computer used the Internet somewhere (home/work/school), but this is individual-level use, not household penetration.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1990s-life-expectancy", "panel": "day", "label": "Life expectancy at birth, 1990", "value": "71.8 male, 78.8 female (75.4 total, all races)", "unit": "years", "source": "nchs-nvss", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS National Vital Statistics System. Up from 70.0/77.5 in 1980. The 1990s saw further gains from HIV treatment breakthroughs (HAART, 1996) and declining cardiovascular mortality.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 75.4 }, { "id": "us-1990s-married-women-lfpr", "panel": "day", "label": "Married women's labor force participation, 1990", "value": "58.4%", "unit": "% of married women (spouse present) in the civilian labor force", "source": "statab-lfpr-marital", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Statistical Abstract Table 596 (11s0596.xls, BLS CPS annual averages). Up from 49.8% in 1980. Peaked at 61.6% in 1997 before leveling off. The 1990s were the last decade of rapid growth in married women's LFPR.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 58.4 }, { "id": "us-1990s-median-age-first-marriage", "panel": "day", "label": "Median age at first marriage, 1990", "value": "Men: 26.1, Women: 23.9", "unit": "years (median age at first marriage)", "source": "census-table-ms2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table MS-2. CPS ASEC. Men crossed 26 — back to the 1890 level after the mid-century dip. Women at 23.9, up 3.6 years from the 1950/1960 low of 20.3. The four-person composite family was forming later.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 26.1 }, { "id": "us-1990s-median-family-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, all families, 1990", "value": "$35,350", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. All families: 66,320 thousand, median $35,350 ($77,260 in 2024 dollars). The 1990s boom would push real incomes up significantly by the end of the decade.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 35350.0 }, { "id": "us-1990s-median-gross-rent", "panel": "home", "label": "Median gross rent, 1990", "value": "$447/month", "unit": "USD, nominal (median gross rent, specified renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent)", "source": "census-hist-housing-rents", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables: Gross Rents (grossrents-unadj.txt). Up from $243 in 1980. In 2000 dollars: $571/month. Cross-verified: NHGIS 1990 national median gross rent was $447 (FA4001, STF 4b).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 447.0 }, { "id": "us-1990s-median-home-size", "panel": "home", "label": "Median square footage of new single-family homes, 1990", "value": "1,905 sq ft (new construction)", "unit": "median square feet of floor area, new single-family houses completed", "source": "census-soc-new-housing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the Census Bureau's Survey of Construction (C-25 annual report). New homes crossed 1,900 sq ft for the first time in 1990 — up from 1,595 in 1980 (+19%). The 1990s saw steady growth: 1995 was 1,920, 1999 was 2,028. By 2000: 2,057. Source: c25ann2003.pdf.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 1905.0 }, { "id": "us-1990s-median-home-value", "panel": "home", "label": "Median value of owner-occupied homes, 1990", "value": "$79,100", "unit": "USD, nominal", "source": "census-historical-housing-values", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables (values-unadj.txt). Up from $47,200 in 1980. By 2000: $119,600.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 7910000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1990, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1990s-median-income-four-person", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, four-person families, 1990", "value": "$41,450", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. 4-person families: median $41,450 ($90,590 in 2024 dollars). Average family size: 3.18.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "four-person-normalization", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 4145000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1990, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 41450.0 }, { "id": "us-1990s-median-net-worth", "panel": "day", "label": "Median family net worth, 1989", "value": "$87,500 (87.5 thousand, 2016 dollars)", "unit": "median net worth, all families (SCF)", "source": "fed-scf", "tier": "A", "notes": "From SCF Chartbook (bulletincharts.pdf, Table: Median value of net worth for families with holdings, all families). 1989 survey, in 2016 dollars. The SCF Chartbook provides a consistent real-dollar series from 1989-2016. By 1998: $105,800; by 2001: $117,300 — median wealth rose sharply in the late 1990s boom.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 87.5 }, { "id": "us-1990s-mvpd-subscribers", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Cable TV subscribers, 1997", "value": "64.2 million cable subscribers (87% of MVPD market)", "unit": "million subscribers (% cable share of MVPD)", "source": "fcc-video-competition", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FCC 4th Annual Video Competition Report (FCC 97-423, data as of June 1997). 73.6 million MVPD households total; cable's share was 87%. DBS was still niche at ~5 million subscribers (6.85% of MVPD). Average monthly cable rate: $28.83 (July 1997), up 8.5% from $26.57 in July 1996 — cable rates rose >4x CPI.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 64.2 }, { "id": "us-1990s-new-home-ac", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Air conditioning in new homes, 1990", "value": "56% of new single-family homes had AC (up from 40% in 1973, 52% in 1980)", "unit": "% of new single-family houses completed with air conditioning", "source": "census-soc-new-housing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census C-25 annual report (c25ann-2003.pdf), 'Presence of Air-Conditioning in New One-Family Houses Completed.' AC in new homes: 1973: 40%, 1980: 52%, 1990: 56%, 1995: 72%, 2000: 81%, 2003: 82%. New homes crossed 50% AC in 1980. By 2000, AC was standard in 81% of new homes. Distinct from RECS data on all housing units (68% in 1993).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 56.0 }, { "id": "us-1990s-nhe-medicaid", "panel": "table", "label": "Medicaid spending, 1990", "value": "$73,661 million (10.2% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Medicaid: $73,661M of $718,689M total.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 73661.0 }, { "id": "us-1990s-nhe-medicare", "panel": "table", "label": "Medicare spending, 1990", "value": "$110,182 million (15.3% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Medicare: $110,182M of $718,689M total.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 110182.0 }, { "id": "us-1990s-nhe-out-of-pocket-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Out-of-pocket share of health spending, 1990", "value": "18.6% of national health expenditures paid out of pocket", "unit": "% of total NHE", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02. Out of pocket: $133,752M of $718,689M total. Managed care expansion in the 1990s continued the shift from out-of-pocket to insurance.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 18.6 }, { "id": "us-1990s-nhe-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "National health spending per person, 1990", "value": "$2,835 per capita ($2,413 for personal health care)", "unit": "USD per person, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 01 (NHE24_Summary.csv). NHE per capita: $2,835. Personal Health Care per capita: $2,413. Population: 254M.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 2835.0 }, { "id": "us-1990s-nhe-prescription-drugs", "panel": "table", "label": "Prescription drug spending, 1990", "value": "$40,290 million (5.6% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Prescription drugs: $40,290M of $718,689M total.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 40290.0 }, { "id": "us-1990s-nhe-total", "panel": "table", "label": "Healthcare spending, 1990", "value": "$718.7 billion (12.1% of GDP)", "unit": "USD billions, nominal; NHE as % of GDP", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 01. NHE: $718.7B. GDP: $5,963.1B. Per capita: $2,835. Healthcare crossed 12% of GDP — up from 8.9% in 1980. The 1980s saw rapid medical cost inflation and the spread of managed care.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 12.1 }, { "id": "us-1990s-number-of-families", "panel": "budget", "label": "Number of families in the United States, 1990", "value": "66,320,000", "unit": "families", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 66320000.0 }, { "id": "us-1990s-plumbing", "panel": "home", "label": "Complete plumbing facilities, 1990", "value": "98.9% of homes had complete plumbing (1.1% lacked)", "unit": "% of occupied housing units with hot/cold water + flush toilet + bathtub", "source": "census-hist-housing-plumbing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables: Plumbing (plumbing-tab.txt, US row: 1,101,696 of 102,263,678 occupied units lacking). Down from 2.7% lacking in 1980.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 1.1 }, { "id": "us-1990s-poverty-rate", "panel": "budget", "label": "Official poverty rate, 1990", "value": "13.5% (33.6 million people in poverty)", "unit": "% of all people below official poverty level", "source": "census-poverty-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Poverty Tables (API: histpov2). Official poverty rate: 13.5%. Family poverty: 12.0%. The 1990-91 recession pushed poverty up; the 1990s expansion brought it down to 11.3% by 2000.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 13.5 }, { "id": "us-1990s-produce-department-skus", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Items stocked in the average supermarket produce department, 1997", "value": "335 items (stockkeeping units)", "unit": "stockkeeping units in the average supermarket produce department", "source": "usda-ers-aib758", "tier": "C", "notes": "The assortment nearly doubled in one decade — ERS's own arithmetic is a ninety-four percent increase — by the trade survey it relays (Litwak's counts of supermarket produce departments, Supermarket Business 1988 and 1998 volumes). A stockkeeping unit is a distinct shelf item, not a commodity: package, brand and fresh-cut forms each count, which is the difference between this figure and the commodity variety the FADS record measures. The same survey put the department's floor area at under seven percent more than a decade earlier — the variety densified into nearly the same space. Packaged salads alone reached about a tenth of department sales by 1997, and nationally branded produce reached about a fifth, against about a fifteenth in 1987.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1997, "basis": null, "quantity": 335.0 }, { "id": "us-1990s-smoking-prevalence", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult cigarette smoking prevalence, 1990", "value": "25.5% of adults smoked (28.4% of men, 22.8% of women)", "unit": "% of adults ≥18 who currently smoke (NHIS)", "source": "cdc-nhis-smoking-prevalence", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NHIS (compiled by American Lung Association). Smoking prevalence fell below 30% for the first time. Down from 33.2% in 1980.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1990, "basis": null, "quantity": 25.5 }, { "id": "us-1990s-teen-birth-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Births per 1,000 women aged 15-19, 1990", "value": "59.9 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19", "unit": "live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19", "source": "nchs-hus-2019-table1", "tier": "A", "notes": "The rate rose. 59.9 in 1990 against 53.0 in 1980 is the one reversal in the published series, and it is the reason this arc is not marked as a falling line.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1990, "basis": null, "quantity": 59.9 }, { "id": "us-1990s-telephone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Housing units with telephone, 1990", "value": "94.8%", "unit": "% of occupied housing units with telephone", "source": "census-hist-housing-phone", "tier": "A", "notes": "1990 Census: 5.2% of housing units without telephone. Down from 7.1% in 1980. By 2000: only 2.4% without telephone. Census notes: 'Increased cell phone usage probably played a major role in this dramatic change.'", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 94.8 }, { "id": "us-1990s-traffic-death-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Road deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles, 1990", "value": "2.08 deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "unit": "deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "source": "fhwa-fi200-2023", "tier": "A", "notes": "The rate crosses below 2 deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles the following year, 1991, and never rises above it again.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 1990, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.08 }, { "id": "us-1990s-vehicle-ownership", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with at least one vehicle, 1990", "value": "88.5% (11.5% with no vehicle); avg 1.8 vehicles per household", "unit": "% of occupied housing units with 1+ vehicles", "source": "bts-vehicle-availability", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BTS Figure 2-7 (Census Bureau decennial census, 1990). 11.5% had no vehicle, 33.8% had one, 37.4% had two, 17.3% had three or more. Two-vehicle households (37.4%) now exceeded one-vehicle households (33.8%) — car dependency peaked. By 2000: 89.7%. Population: all occupied housing units.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 88.5 }, { "id": "us-1990s-wages", "panel": "day", "label": "Average hourly earnings, total private production and nonsupervisory employees, 1990", "value": "$10.20", "unit": "USD per hour, nominal", "source": "fred-ahetpi", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted BLS CES0500000008 observations for 1990. Audited against the saved BLS API response retrieved 2026-09-07; rounded once to cents. This is an average worker wage, not median family income.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 1020, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 1990, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1990s-week-of-work-buys", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "What a week of work bought, 1990", "value": "$349.86/week — a full year of it (×52) ≈ 51% of median family income", "unit": "weekly earnings vs annual median family income", "source": "fred-ahetpi", "tier": "A", "notes": "The product of the rounded hourly wage and weekly-hours observations for total-private production and nonsupervisory employees is $349.86. Assuming 52 paid weeks gives $18,192.72, or 51.5% of the all-family median income of $35,350 (Census F-8). Worker and family survey populations differ. This illustrative ratio does not establish household needs, income sufficiency, or the number of earners in a family.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-1990s-weekly-hours-manufacturing", "panel": "day", "label": "Average weekly hours, manufacturing production workers, 1990", "value": "40.5", "unit": "hours per week", "source": "fred-awhman", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted observations for 1990, retrieved from the BLS Public Data API on 2026-09-07. The saved response and all month/year labels are audit inputs.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 40.5 }, { "id": "us-1990s-weekly-hours-total-private", "panel": "day", "label": "Average weekly hours, total private production and nonsupervisory employees, 1990", "value": "34.3", "unit": "hours per week", "source": "fred-awhnonag", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted observations for 1990, retrieved from the BLS Public Data API on 2026-09-07. The saved response and all month/year labels are audit inputs.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 34.3 }, { "id": "us-1990s-workplace-death-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Deaths at work per 100,000 workers, 1990s", "value": "no reliable record — the federal census of workplace deaths began in 1992, and its rate basis changed in 2006", "unit": "fatal work injuries per 100,000 full-time-equivalent workers", "source": "bls-cfoi-hours-based-rates", "tier": "A", "notes": "The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries has covered all fifty states and the District of Columbia only since 1992. For the nine decades before that the United States kept no federal count of the people killed at work; the century-long figures usually quoted come from a private safety council's estimates, not a government census. The rates CFOI itself published from 1992 to 2005 were computed against employment rather than hours worked, and BLS replaced that basis in 2006 — so they measure something else and are not shown on the same axis. This gap is not an archive limitation. It is the absence of the counting.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null } ], "derived": [ { "id": "us-1990s-produce-variety-count", "panel": "table", "label": "Fresh-produce commodities at a pound or more per person, 1990", "unit": "of the fresh-produce commodities ERS tracked that year", "op": "count_above", "numerator": "", "denominator": "", "precision": 1, "notes": "Every fresh fruit and vegetable commodity sheet in the two ERS fresh workbooks, counted when the food supply provided at least a full pound per person that year, farm weight. The total is the commodities ERS tracked that year: series that had not yet begun or had already ended are outside the count, so a widening record cannot masquerade as rising variety. Availability is a disappearance estimate — what the supply made available, not what anyone ate; the rule and its rationale are in the assumption ledger (produce-variety-rule).", "assumptions": [ "produce-variety-rule", "composite-family" ], "inflate_series": "", "inflate_from_year": 0, "inflate_to_year": 0, "count_series": [ "us-availability-apples", "us-availability-apricots", "us-availability-artichokes", "us-availability-asparagus", "us-availability-avocados", "us-availability-bananas", "us-availability-bell-peppers", "us-availability-blueberries", "us-availability-broccoli", "us-availability-brussels-sprouts", "us-availability-cabbage", "us-availability-cantaloupe", "us-availability-carrots", "us-availability-cauliflower", "us-availability-celery", "us-availability-collards", "us-availability-cucumbers", "us-availability-eggplant", "us-availability-escarole", "us-availability-garlic", "us-availability-grapefruit", "us-availability-grapes", "us-availability-head-lettuce", "us-availability-honeydew", "us-availability-kale", "us-availability-kiwifruit", "us-availability-lemons", "us-availability-lima-beans", "us-availability-limes", "us-availability-mangoes", "us-availability-mushrooms", "us-availability-mustard-greens", "us-availability-okra", "us-availability-onions", "us-availability-oranges", "us-availability-papayas", "us-availability-peaches", "us-availability-pears", "us-availability-pineapples", "us-availability-potatoes", "us-availability-pumpkin", "us-availability-radishes", "us-availability-raspberries", "us-availability-romaine", "us-availability-snap-beans", "us-availability-spinach", "us-availability-squash", "us-availability-strawberries", "us-availability-sweet-corn", "us-availability-sweet-potatoes", "us-availability-tangerines", "us-availability-tomatoes", "us-availability-turnip-greens", "us-availability-watermelon" ], "threshold": 1.0, "at_year": 1990, "value": "34 of 49", "computed_value": 34.0, "computed_amount_minor": null, "computed_currency": null, "tier": "A", "inflation": null } ] }, { "country": "us", "decade": "2000s", "slug": "us-2000s", "wage_anchor": "us-2000s-wages", "income_anchor": "us-2000s-median-income-four-person", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "us-2000s-air-conditioning", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Air conditioning, 2009 (RECS)", "value": "87% of homes had AC (61% central AC)", "unit": "% of occupied housing units with air conditioning", "source": "eia-recs", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 2009 RECS. 87% of US homes used air conditioning — up from 68% in 1993. Central AC alone reached 61% (nearly tripled from 23% in 1978). AC was approaching universality. By 2015, AC remained at 87%, and by 2020, reached 88%. Source: EIA RECS 2009.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 87.0 }, { "id": "us-2000s-atus-time-use", "panel": "day", "label": "How Americans spend their day, 2003 (ATUS)", "value": "Sleeping 8.57 hrs, working 3.69 hrs, leisure 5.11 hrs, watching TV 2.58 hrs", "unit": "hours per day, civilian population ages 15+ (annual average)", "source": "bls-atus", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS American Time Use Survey, Table A-1 (2003 annual averages). First year of ATUS. Sleeping rose to 9.04 hrs by 2024; TV watching peaked at 2.82 in 2009 then declined to 2.60 by 2024; working declined to 3.32 by 2025. Percent working fell from 46.2% (2003) to 37.3% (2024), reflecting aging population.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 8.57 }, { "id": "us-2000s-availability-avocados", "panel": "table", "label": "Avocados available per person, 2000", "value": "2.26 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh avocados. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. 5.0 times the 1970 figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2000, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.26 }, { "id": "us-2000s-availability-bell-peppers", "panel": "table", "label": "Bell peppers available per person, 2000", "value": "8.19 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh bell peppers. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. 3.9 times the 1960 figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2000, "basis": null, "quantity": 8.19 }, { "id": "us-2000s-availability-broccoli", "panel": "table", "label": "Broccoli available per person, 2000", "value": "5.89 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh broccoli. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. 14.7 times the 1960 figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2000, "basis": null, "quantity": 5.89 }, { "id": "us-2000s-availability-grapes", "panel": "table", "label": "Grapes available per person, 2000", "value": "7.52 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh grapes. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. 2.6 times the 1970 figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2000, "basis": null, "quantity": 7.52 }, { "id": "us-2000s-average-family-size", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average family size, 2000", "value": "3.14", "unit": "persons per family", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. Down from 3.18 in 1990. By 2010: 3.14 (flat).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 3.14 }, { "id": "us-2000s-cable-tv", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with cable TV, 2006", "value": "65.3 million basic cable subscribers (~59% of TV households)", "unit": "subscribers (% of TV households with cable, FCC 13th Report)", "source": "fcc-video-competition", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FCC 13th Annual Video Competition Report (FCC 07-206, data as of June 2006). 110.2M TV households, 95.8M subscribed to MVPD (87%). Cable's share of MVPD: 68.2% = 65.3M basic subscribers. Cable penetration of all TV households: ~59%. This was near the peak — cord-cutting began around 2013. Up from 60% (1992). By 2015: 53.2M subscribers (declining).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 59.0 }, { "id": "us-2000s-cancer-survival", "panel": "table", "label": "Cancer 5-year relative survival rate, 2000", "value": "66.0%", "unit": "% surviving 5 years after diagnosis (relative survival, SEER 9)", "source": "seer-csr-1975-2017", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCI SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2017, Table 2.9. Targeted therapies entering the clinic: trastuzumab (Herceptin, 1998) for HER2+ breast cancer, imatinib (Gleevec, 2001) for CML.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 66.0 }, { "id": "us-2000s-car-price", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Average new car transaction price, 2000", "value": "$21,030", "unit": "USD, nominal (average transaction price, domestic + import)", "source": "bea-new-car-price", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BEA Average Transaction Price per New Car (ORNL TEDB Table 11.13). Steady price increases continued, driven by technology content and safety features. Note: this series excludes SUVs and light trucks, which captured an increasing market share in the 2000s — the average transaction price including all vehicle types would be higher. Population: all new passenger cars sold in the US.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 2103000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 2000, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2000s-cellphone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Cell phone adoption, 2000s", "value": "~40% (2000) → ~85% (2009)", "unit": "% of adults who own a cell phone", "source": "pew-internet-broadband", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Pew Research Center. Cell phone adoption was rapid: ~40% in 2000, ~65% in 2004, ~85% by 2009. The iPhone (2007) and Android (2008) began the smartphone transition.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2000s-cex-apparel-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Apparel share of household budget, 2000", "value": "4.9% of total expenditures ($1,856)", "unit": "% of total annual expenditures", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "Apparel and services divided by total annual expenditures, all consumer units, 2000. Earlier apparel records for the 1970s-1990s describe four-person units and are not the same population.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 4.9 }, { "id": "us-2000s-cex-expenditure-income-ratio", "panel": "budget", "label": "Expenditure-to-income ratio, 2000", "value": "85.2% — expenditures $38,045 vs income $44,649", "unit": "% (total expenditures ÷ income before taxes)", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "Ratio of average annual expenditures to average income before taxes for all consumer units in 2000. It is not the average household expenditure-to-income ratio and does not identify how any particular family financed spending. The audit reproduces the percentage from both source means.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 85.2 }, { "id": "us-2000s-cex-food-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Food share of household budget, 2000", "value": "13.6% of total expenditures", "unit": "% of total annual expenditures", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS CEX multi-year table (cu-all-multi-year-2000-2005.xlsx). All consumer units. Food: $5,158 of $38,045 total. Food at home: $3,021 (7.9%). Food away from home: $2,137 (5.6%).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 13.6 }, { "id": "us-2000s-cex-healthcare-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Healthcare share of household budget, 2000", "value": "5.4% of total expenditures ($2,066)", "unit": "% of total annual expenditures; USD nominal", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS CEX multi-year table (cu-all-multi-year-2000-2005.xlsx). All consumer units. Healthcare: $2,066 of $38,045. Health insurance: $983. Medical services: $568. Drugs: $416.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 5.4 }, { "id": "us-2000s-cex-total-expenditures", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average annual household expenditures, 2000", "value": "$38,045", "unit": "USD per consumer unit, nominal", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS CEX multi-year table (cu-all-multi-year-2000-2005.xlsx). All consumer units. Income before taxes: $44,649. Expenditure/income ratio: 85.2%. 109,367 thousand consumer units; 66% homeowners.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 38045.0 }, { "id": "us-2000s-cigarette-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult per capita cigarette consumption, 2000", "value": "2,076 cigarettes per adult per year", "unit": "cigarettes per adult (≥18 years) per year", "source": "cdc-tobacco-consumption-2000", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC Adult Tobacco Consumption dataset (data.cdc.gov). Based on TTB taxable removals and Census adult population estimates. Down from 2,817 in 1990.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2000, "basis": null, "quantity": 2076.0 }, { "id": "us-2000s-cpi", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Consumer Price Index and purchasing power, 2000", "value": "CPI 172.2 (2000) → 313.7 (2024) = 1.8x. $1 in 2000 = $1.82 in 2024. Real median family income grew 1.14x.", "unit": "CPI-U (1982-84=100), annual average", "source": "bls-cpi", "tier": "A", "notes": "CPI from BLS series CUUR0000SA0 (confirmed via BLS API). 2000: 172.2. 2024: 313.7. Ratio: 1.82x. Nominal median family income: $50,730 (2000) → $105,800 (2024) = 2.09x. Real growth: 2.09/1.82 = 1.14x — the weakest real income growth of any postwar decade, reflecting two recessions (2001, 2008-09) and the housing crash.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2000, "basis": null, "quantity": 172.2 }, { "id": "us-2000s-dvr-penetration", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "DVR penetration, 2010-11", "value": "38% of households had a DVR (2010-11), up from 19% in 2007-08", "unit": "% of households with digital video recorder", "source": "fcc-video-competition", "tier": "B", "notes": "From FCC 15th Video Competition Report (FCC 12-81). DVR penetration doubled in three years. HDTV households reached 64% in 2010-11, up from 25% in 2007-08. DTV average price fell from $3,147 (1998) to $1,043 (2006), a 67% decline.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 38.0 }, { "id": "us-2000s-education", "panel": "day", "label": "Educational attainment, 2000", "value": "HS grad or more: 84.1%, Bachelor's or more: 25.6%, Less than 9th grade: 7.0%", "unit": "% of population 25+ (all races, both sexes)", "source": "census-table-a1-a2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table A-1. Decennial census. HS graduation crossed 84%. Less-than-9th-grade fell to 7% — down from 60% in 1940. Bachelor's or more crossed 25%. Median school years no longer reported after 1991 (Census switched to percentage-only measures).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 84.1 }, { "id": "us-2000s-ethanol-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "Alcohol consumed per person, 2000", "value": "2.19 gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "unit": "gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "source": "niaaa-surveillance-122", "tier": "A", "notes": "The long decline stopped around the turn of the century and reversed slowly, driven by wine and then spirits rather than beer, which continued to fall.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2000, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.19 }, { "id": "us-2000s-expenditure-shares", "panel": "budget", "label": "Expenditure breakdown, 4-person families, 2005", "value": "Housing 32.3%, transportation 18.6%, food 13.9%, insurance/pensions 12.1%, entertainment 5.1%, healthcare 4.5%, apparel 4.6%, cash contributions 2.6%, education 2.4%", "unit": "% of total annual expenditure", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Table 4 (Size of consumer unit). 15,807 thousand 4-person CUs. Total expenditures: $62,215. Income before taxes: $78,183. Expenditure = 80% of gross income. Insurance/pensions crossed 12%. Source: BLS CEX Table 4, 2005 (cusize.pdf via Wayback Machine, web.archive.org).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "income-vs-consumption", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 32.3 }, { "id": "us-2000s-food-basket", "panel": "table", "label": "Food basket and expenditure breakdown, 2005 (CEX)", "value": "Food $8,622/yr (13.9% of expenditure). Food at home $4,846 (56% of food), food away from home $3,776 (44%). Key items: meats/poultry/fish/eggs $1,140, fruits/vegetables $780, cereals/bakery $666, dairy $556, beef $344. Total expenditure: $62,215.", "unit": "USD per family per year, nominal", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 2005 CEX, Table 4. 15,807 thousand 4-person CUs. Food at home share: 56%, food away: 44%. Food away from home approaching half of food spending. Source: BLS CEX Table 4, 2005 (via Wayback Machine).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "income-vs-consumption", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 13.9 }, { "id": "us-2000s-food-prices", "panel": "table", "label": "Retail food prices, December 2000", "value": "Bread $0.99/lb, ground beef $1.98/lb, bacon $3.03/lb, eggs $0.96/doz, lettuce $0.85/lb", "unit": "USD, retail prices (December 2000, BLS API)", "source": "bls-api", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS API: APU0000702111 (bread, white, pan, per lb), APU0000703111 (ground chuck, per lb), APU0000704111 (bacon, per lb), APU0000708111 (eggs, per doz), APU0000712211 (lettuce, per lb). Values are December 2000 monthly averages. CORRECTION 2026-07-08: previous version had mismatched labels. Bread up 41% from 1990 ($0.70→$0.99), bacon up 33% ($2.28→$3.03). Ground beef actually decreased slightly ($2.02→$1.98), reflecting changes in beef production. The 2000s saw rising global food demand and the beginning of biofuel-driven corn price increases.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2000s-heart-disease-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Heart disease age-adjusted death rate, 2000", "value": "257.6 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-mortality-trends", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NCHS. Down 56% from the 1950 peak. Statins became one of the most prescribed drug classes in America. Drug-eluting stents introduced 2003.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 257.6 }, { "id": "us-2000s-heating-fuel", "panel": "home", "label": "House heating fuel, 2009 (RECS)", "value": "Natural gas 49%, electricity 34%, fuel oil 6%, propane 5%, other 6%", "unit": "% of homes using each fuel as main space heating source", "source": "eia-recs", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 2009 RECS. Natural gas remained the dominant heating fuel but was declining (from 51% in 2005). Electricity continued its long-term rise (from 29% in 2005 to 34% in 2009). Fuel oil was down to ~6% (from 10%+ in 1993), concentrated in the Northeast. Coal was gone as a heating fuel. Source: EIA RECS 2009.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2000s-heating-fuel-recs2001", "panel": "home", "label": "House heating fuel, 2001 (RECS)", "value": "Natural gas 55.2%, electricity 29.0%, fuel oil 7.5%, LPG 4.7%, wood 1.9%, kerosene 0.7%", "unit": "% of U.S. households using each fuel as main space heating source", "source": "eia-recs", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 2001 RECS, Table HC3-1b. 107.0 million total households. Natural gas: 59.3M (55.2%). Electricity: 31.1M (29.0%) — including heat pumps. Fuel oil: 8.0M (7.5%). LPG: 5.0M (4.7%). Wood: 2.0M (1.9%). Kerosene: 0.8M (0.7%). Source: recs-2001-alltables.pdf, Table HC1-1a and recs-2001-hc3.pdf, Table HC3-1b.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2000s-home-as-income-years", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Median home value as years of median family income, 2000", "value": "2.36 years ($119,600 home vs $50,730 income)", "unit": "years of median family income (nominal)", "source": "census-historical-housing-values", "tier": "C", "notes": "Computed: 2000 median home value ($119,600) / 2000 median family income ($50,730). The housing bubble (2002-2006) would push this ratio far higher before the crash.", "assumptions": [ "affordability-normalization", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2000s-home-production-household", "panel": "day", "label": "Total home-production hours per household, 2005", "value": "49", "unit": "hours per week, all household members combined", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009), aggregate home-production hours divided by number of households. Fell from 78 hrs/week (1900) to 49 hrs/week (2005), a 37% decline. Household size fell 45% (4.7→2.6 persons) over the same period, so per-household hours fell proportionally less than household size. Per-capita (all ages) was 18.5 hrs/week — slightly higher in 2005 than 1900 because fewer children (who do little home production) are in the population.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 49.0 }, { "id": "us-2000s-home-production-men", "panel": "day", "label": "Men's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 2005", "value": "16.8", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age men (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 7, 'All Prime-Age Men' column. Early estimates from Purnell Act studies and Lundberg et al. (1934); 1965+ from AHTUS/BLS. Men's hours rose 13 hrs/week across the century (3.9→16.8), partially offsetting women's decline. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 16.8 }, { "id": "us-2000s-home-production-women", "panel": "day", "label": "Women's weekly unpaid home-production hours, 2005", "value": "29.3", "unit": "hours per week, prime-age women (ages 18–64)", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Ramey (2009) Table 6A, 'All Prime-Age Women' column. Reconstruction from historical time-diary studies (Purnell Act 1920s, Wilson 1929, USDA 1944) linked to AHTUS/BLS surveys from 1965. Includes food prep, house cleaning, clothing care, childcare, purchasing, and household management. Numbers in italics in source = partially extrapolated. Draft version (NBER w13985) has identical values. Splice caveat: Ramey measures women-specific home production ages 18-64; ATUS (2020s room) measures all-adult household activities age 15+ — a concept change that must caveat when plotted together.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 29.3 }, { "id": "us-2000s-homeownership", "panel": "home", "label": "Homeownership rate, 2000", "value": "66.2%", "unit": "% of occupied dwelling units (owner-occupied)", "source": "census-homeownership-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Bureau decennial time series (owner.pdf). Up from 64.2% in 1990. The housing bubble would push homeownership to a peak of ~69% in 2004-2006 before the Great Recession.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 66.2 }, { "id": "us-2000s-hourly-earnings-manufacturing", "panel": "day", "label": "Average hourly earnings, manufacturing production workers, 2000", "value": "$14.31", "unit": "USD per hour, nominal", "source": "fred-ces-manuf-earnings", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted observations for 2000, retrieved from the BLS Public Data API on 2026-09-07. The saved response and all month/year labels are audit inputs.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 1431, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 2000, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2000s-infant-mortality", "panel": "day", "label": "Infant mortality rate, 2000", "value": "6.9 per 1,000 live births", "unit": "deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births", "source": "nchs-nvss", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS, Health, United States, 2016, Table 11. All races. Neonatal: 4.6; postneonatal: 2.3. The rate was essentially flat from 2000-2005 before resuming decline.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 6.9 }, { "id": "us-2000s-internet", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Internet and broadband adoption, 2000s", "value": "Internet: 46% (2000) → 79% (2009). Broadband: ~5% (2000) → 63% (2009).", "unit": "% of adults", "source": "pew-internet-broadband", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Pew Research Center. Internet adoption crossed 50% around 2001. Broadband (DSL/cable) replaced dial-up through the 2000s. By 2009, 63% of adults had home broadband. The smartphone era began with the iPhone (2007) but mass adoption belongs to the 2010s.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2000s-life-expectancy", "panel": "day", "label": "Life expectancy at birth, 2000", "value": "74.3 male, 79.7 female (77.0 total, all races)", "unit": "years", "source": "nchs-nvss", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS National Vital Statistics System. Up from 71.8/78.8 in 1990. Life expectancy would peak at 78.9 in 2014 before the opioid crisis and COVID-19.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 77.0 }, { "id": "us-2000s-married-women-lfpr", "panel": "day", "label": "Married women's labor force participation, 2000", "value": "61.1%", "unit": "% of married women (spouse present) in the civilian labor force", "source": "statab-lfpr-marital", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Statistical Abstract Table 596 (11s0596.xls, BLS CPS annual averages). The peak era — 61.1% in 2000, essentially flat through 2009 (61.4%). LFPR plateaued in the 2000s after decades of rapid growth. From 5.6% (1900) to 61.1% (2000) — an elevenfold increase across the century.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 61.1 }, { "id": "us-2000s-median-age-first-marriage", "panel": "day", "label": "Median age at first marriage, 2000", "value": "Men: 26.8, Women: 25.1", "unit": "years (median age at first marriage)", "source": "census-table-ms2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table MS-2. CPS ASEC. Women crossed 25 — up nearly 5 years from the mid-century low. The composite family was forming 3-4 years later than in the 1950s.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 26.8 }, { "id": "us-2000s-median-family-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, all families, 2000", "value": "$50,730", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. All families: 73,780 thousand, median $50,730 ($86,740 in 2024 dollars). The peak of the 1990s boom. The 2000s would see stagnant real median income — the Great Recession (2007-09) would push it down.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 50730.0 }, { "id": "us-2000s-median-gross-rent", "panel": "home", "label": "Median gross rent, 2000", "value": "$602/month", "unit": "USD, nominal (median gross rent, specified renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent)", "source": "census-hist-housing-rents", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables: Gross Rents (grossrents-unadj.txt). Up from $447 in 1990. Cross-verified: NHGIS 2000 block-group-level data (208,790 BGs) shows median-of-BG-medians of $561, consistent with the Census national figure of $602.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 602.0 }, { "id": "us-2000s-median-home-size", "panel": "home", "label": "Median square footage of new single-family homes, 2000", "value": "2,057 sq ft (new construction)", "unit": "median square feet of floor area, new single-family houses completed", "source": "census-soc-new-housing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the Census Bureau's Survey of Construction (C-25 annual report). New homes crossed 2,000 sq ft in 1998 (2,000) and continued rising through the housing boom: 2005 peaked at 2,227 before the crash. 2009 fell to 2,135 (recession). By 2010: 2,169. Source: c25ann2009.pdf.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 2057.0 }, { "id": "us-2000s-median-home-value", "panel": "home", "label": "Median value of owner-occupied homes, 2000", "value": "$119,600", "unit": "USD, nominal", "source": "census-historical-housing-values", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables (values-unadj.txt). Up from $79,100 in 1990. The housing bubble would drive values far higher by 2006-07 before the crash.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 11960000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 2000, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2000s-median-income-four-person", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, four-person families, 2000", "value": "$62,670", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. 4-person families: median $62,670 ($107,200 in 2024 dollars). Average family size: 3.14.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "four-person-normalization", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 6267000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 2000, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 62670.0 }, { "id": "us-2000s-median-net-worth", "panel": "day", "label": "Median family net worth, 2007", "value": "$139,700 (139.7 thousand, 2016 dollars)", "unit": "median net worth, all families (SCF)", "source": "fed-scf", "tier": "A", "notes": "From SCF Chartbook (bulletincharts.pdf). 2007 survey, in 2016 dollars. The peak before the Great Recession — up from $117,300 in 2001. The housing bubble inflated median net worth to its highest level in the SCF series. By 2010 it would collapse to $85,400 (−39%) as home values and stock markets crashed.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 139.7 }, { "id": "us-2000s-nhe-medicaid", "panel": "table", "label": "Medicaid spending, 2000", "value": "$200,367 million (14.7% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Medicaid: $200,367M of $1,365,184M total.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 200367.0 }, { "id": "us-2000s-nhe-medicare", "panel": "table", "label": "Medicare spending, 2000", "value": "$224,829 million (16.5% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Medicare: $224,829M of $1,365,184M total.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 224829.0 }, { "id": "us-2000s-nhe-out-of-pocket-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Out-of-pocket share of health spending, 2000", "value": "14.5% of national health expenditures paid out of pocket", "unit": "% of total NHE", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02. Out of pocket: $197,580M of $1,365,184M total.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 14.5 }, { "id": "us-2000s-nhe-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "National health spending per person, 2000", "value": "$4,842 per capita ($4,101 for personal health care)", "unit": "USD per person, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 01 (NHE24_Summary.csv). NHE per capita: $4,842. Personal Health Care per capita: $4,101. Population: 282M.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 4842.0 }, { "id": "us-2000s-nhe-prescription-drugs", "panel": "table", "label": "Prescription drug spending, 2000", "value": "$122,003 million (8.9% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Prescription drugs: $122,003M of $1,365,184M total.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 122003.0 }, { "id": "us-2000s-nhe-total", "panel": "table", "label": "Healthcare spending, 2000", "value": "$1,365.2 billion (13.3% of GDP)", "unit": "USD billions, nominal; NHE as % of GDP", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 01. NHE: $1,365.2B. GDP: $10,251.0B. Per capita: $4,842. Healthcare spending nearly doubled in the 1990s but GDP share growth slowed (managed care restraint).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 13.3 }, { "id": "us-2000s-number-of-families", "panel": "budget", "label": "Number of families in the United States, 2000", "value": "73,780,000", "unit": "families", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 73780000.0 }, { "id": "us-2000s-plumbing", "panel": "home", "label": "Complete plumbing facilities, 2000", "value": "~99.5% of homes had complete plumbing (~0.5% lacked)", "unit": "% of occupied housing units", "source": "census-hist-housing-plumbing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Housing Tables: Plumbing. Estimated from the series: 1990: 1% lacked, approaching 0% by 2000. Plumbing was universally available.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 99.5 }, { "id": "us-2000s-poverty-rate", "panel": "budget", "label": "Official poverty rate, 2000", "value": "11.3% (31.5 million people in poverty)", "unit": "% of all people below official poverty level", "source": "census-poverty-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Poverty Tables (API: histpov2). Official poverty rate: 11.3%. Family poverty: 9.6%. Near the pre-recession low. The 2008-09 Great Recession would push poverty to 15.1% by 2010.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 11.3 }, { "id": "us-2000s-smoking-prevalence", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult cigarette smoking prevalence, 2000", "value": "23.3% of adults smoked (25.7% of men, 21.0% of women)", "unit": "% of adults ≥18 who currently smoke (NHIS)", "source": "cdc-nhis-smoking-prevalence", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NHIS (compiled by American Lung Association). Note: NHIS survey was redesigned in 1997, so pre-1997 and post-1997 data may not be directly comparable. Smoking continued its steady decline.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2000, "basis": null, "quantity": 23.3 }, { "id": "us-2000s-teen-birth-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Births per 1,000 women aged 15-19, 2000", "value": "47.7 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19", "unit": "live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19", "source": "nchs-hus-2019-table1", "tier": "A", "notes": "Below the 1980 low for the first time, and falling faster than in any earlier stretch of the published table.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2000, "basis": null, "quantity": 47.7 }, { "id": "us-2000s-traffic-death-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Road deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles, 2000", "value": "1.53 deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "unit": "deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "source": "fhwa-fi200-2023", "tier": "A", "notes": "Travel passed 2.7 trillion vehicle-miles a year while deaths stayed near 42,000: the rate falls because the denominator grows.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2000, "basis": null, "quantity": 1.53 }, { "id": "us-2000s-vehicle-ownership", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with at least one vehicle, 2000", "value": "89.7% (10.3% with no vehicle); avg 1.9 vehicles per household", "unit": "% of occupied housing units with 1+ vehicles", "source": "bts-vehicle-availability", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BTS Figure 2-7 (Census Bureau decennial census, 2000). 10.3% had no vehicle, 34.2% had one, 38.4% had two, 17.1% had three or more. Near-saturation — only one in ten households remained car-free. By 2010: 90.9%. Population: all occupied housing units.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 89.7 }, { "id": "us-2000s-wages", "panel": "day", "label": "Average hourly earnings, total private production and nonsupervisory employees, 2000", "value": "$14.01", "unit": "USD per hour, nominal", "source": "fred-ahetpi", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted BLS CES0500000008 observations for 2000. Audited against the saved BLS API response retrieved 2026-09-07; rounded once to cents. This is an average worker wage, not median family income.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 1401, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 2000, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2000s-week-of-work-buys", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "What a week of work bought, 2000", "value": "$480.54/week — a full year of it (×52) ≈ 49% of median family income", "unit": "weekly earnings vs annual median family income", "source": "fred-ahetpi", "tier": "A", "notes": "The product of the rounded hourly wage and weekly-hours observations for total-private production and nonsupervisory employees is $480.54. Assuming 52 paid weeks gives $24,988.08, or 49.3% of the all-family median income of $50,730 (Census F-8). Worker and family survey populations differ. This illustrative ratio does not establish household needs, income sufficiency, or the number of earners in a family.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2000s-weekly-hours-manufacturing", "panel": "day", "label": "Average weekly hours, manufacturing production workers, 2000", "value": "41.2", "unit": "hours per week", "source": "fred-awhman", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted observations for 2000, retrieved from the BLS Public Data API on 2026-09-07. The saved response and all month/year labels are audit inputs.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 41.2 }, { "id": "us-2000s-weekly-hours-total-private", "panel": "day", "label": "Average weekly hours, total private production and nonsupervisory employees, 2000", "value": "34.3", "unit": "hours per week", "source": "fred-awhnonag", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted observations for 2000, retrieved from the BLS Public Data API on 2026-09-07. The saved response and all month/year labels are audit inputs.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 34.3 }, { "id": "us-2000s-workplace-death-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Deaths at work per 100,000 workers, 2006", "value": "4.2 fatal work injuries per 100,000 full-time-equivalent workers", "unit": "fatal work injuries per 100,000 full-time-equivalent workers", "source": "bls-cfoi-hours-based-rates", "tier": "A", "notes": "The first year the federal government published this measure. Before 2006 the rate was computed against employment rather than hours worked, and before 1992 there was no federal census of workplace deaths at all — so 2006 is where the line can start, not where the risk began.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2006, "basis": null, "quantity": 4.2 } ], "derived": [ { "id": "us-2000s-produce-variety-count", "panel": "table", "label": "Fresh-produce commodities at a pound or more per person, 2000", "unit": "of the fresh-produce commodities ERS tracked that year", "op": "count_above", "numerator": "", "denominator": "", "precision": 1, "notes": "Every fresh fruit and vegetable commodity sheet in the two ERS fresh workbooks, counted when the food supply provided at least a full pound per person that year, farm weight. The total is the commodities ERS tracked that year: series that had not yet begun or had already ended are outside the count, so a widening record cannot masquerade as rising variety. Availability is a disappearance estimate — what the supply made available, not what anyone ate; the rule and its rationale are in the assumption ledger (produce-variety-rule).", "assumptions": [ "produce-variety-rule", "composite-family" ], "inflate_series": "", "inflate_from_year": 0, "inflate_to_year": 0, "count_series": [ "us-availability-apples", "us-availability-apricots", "us-availability-artichokes", "us-availability-asparagus", "us-availability-avocados", "us-availability-bananas", "us-availability-bell-peppers", "us-availability-blueberries", "us-availability-broccoli", "us-availability-brussels-sprouts", "us-availability-cabbage", "us-availability-cantaloupe", "us-availability-carrots", "us-availability-cauliflower", "us-availability-celery", "us-availability-collards", "us-availability-cucumbers", "us-availability-eggplant", "us-availability-escarole", "us-availability-garlic", "us-availability-grapefruit", "us-availability-grapes", "us-availability-head-lettuce", "us-availability-honeydew", "us-availability-kale", "us-availability-kiwifruit", "us-availability-lemons", "us-availability-lima-beans", "us-availability-limes", "us-availability-mangoes", "us-availability-mushrooms", "us-availability-mustard-greens", "us-availability-okra", "us-availability-onions", "us-availability-oranges", "us-availability-papayas", "us-availability-peaches", "us-availability-pears", "us-availability-pineapples", "us-availability-potatoes", "us-availability-pumpkin", "us-availability-radishes", "us-availability-raspberries", "us-availability-romaine", "us-availability-snap-beans", "us-availability-spinach", "us-availability-squash", "us-availability-strawberries", "us-availability-sweet-corn", "us-availability-sweet-potatoes", "us-availability-tangerines", "us-availability-tomatoes", "us-availability-turnip-greens", "us-availability-watermelon" ], "threshold": 1.0, "at_year": 2000, "value": "38 of 54", "computed_value": 38.0, "computed_amount_minor": null, "computed_currency": null, "tier": "A", "inflation": null } ] }, { "country": "us", "decade": "2010s", "slug": "us-2010s", "wage_anchor": "us-2010s-wages", "income_anchor": "us-2010s-median-income-four-person", "data_as_of": "", "facts": [ { "id": "us-2010s-air-conditioning", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Air conditioning, 2015 (RECS)", "value": "87% of homes had AC (64% central AC)", "unit": "% of occupied housing units with air conditioning", "source": "eia-recs", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 2015 RECS. 87% of US homes used AC — flat from 2009 (87%). Central AC rose to 64% (76M households, up from 59%/66M in 2005). The AC diffusion curve had plateaued: from 18.8% (1960) → 68% (1993) → 87% (2009/2015) → 88% (2020). AC was now a standard feature of American housing. Source: EIA RECS 2015 overview.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 87.0 }, { "id": "us-2010s-atus-time-use", "panel": "day", "label": "How Americans spend their day, 2010 (ATUS)", "value": "Sleeping 8.67 hrs, working 3.50 hrs, watching TV 2.73 hrs", "unit": "hours per day, civilian population ages 15+ (annual average)", "source": "bls-atus", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS American Time Use Survey, Table A-1 (2010 annual averages). TV watching peaked at 2.82 hrs in 2009; by 2024 it declined to 2.60. Sleeping rose from 8.57 (2003) to 8.67 (2010) to 9.04 (2024). Working fell from 3.69 (2003) to 3.50 (2010), reflecting Great Recession effects.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 8.67 }, { "id": "us-2010s-availability-avocados", "panel": "table", "label": "Avocados available per person, 2010", "value": "4.03 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh avocados. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. 9.0 times the 1970 figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2010, "basis": null, "quantity": 4.03 }, { "id": "us-2010s-availability-bell-peppers", "panel": "table", "label": "Bell peppers available per person, 2010", "value": "10.33 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh bell peppers. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. 5.0 times the 1960 figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2010, "basis": null, "quantity": 10.33 }, { "id": "us-2010s-availability-broccoli", "panel": "table", "label": "Broccoli available per person, 2010", "value": "5.95 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh broccoli. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. 14.9 times the 1960 figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2010, "basis": null, "quantity": 5.95 }, { "id": "us-2010s-availability-grapes", "panel": "table", "label": "Grapes available per person, 2010", "value": "7.98 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh grapes. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. 2.7 times the 1970 figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2010, "basis": null, "quantity": 7.98 }, { "id": "us-2010s-average-family-size", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average family size, 2010", "value": "3.14", "unit": "persons per family", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. Flat from 3.14 in 2000.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 3.14 }, { "id": "us-2010s-cable-tv", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Cable TV, 2015 (FCC)", "value": "53.2 million cable subscribers (declining). Total MVPD: 99.4 million. Cord-cutting began 2013.", "unit": "subscribers (cable MVPD, year-end 2015)", "source": "fcc-video-competition", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FCC 19th Video Competition Report (DA 17-71, data as of year-end 2015, SNL Kagan subscriber data). Cable MVPDs: 53.2M (53.1% of all MVPD). DBS: 33.1M. Telco: 13.0M. Total MVPD: 99.4M. MVPDs lost 1.1M subscribers in 2015 — cord-cutting accelerating. Cable's share of MVPD declined from 89% (1997, 64.2M subscribers) to 53.1% (2015) as satellite (DIRECTV/DISH) and then streaming (Netflix: 46M subscribers by 2016) grew. Over-the-air only: 12.4M TV households.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2010s-cancer-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Cancer age-adjusted death rate, 2010", "value": "172.8 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-mortality-trends", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NCHS. Down 20% from the 1990 peak. Targeted therapies (imatinib/Gleevec 2001, trastuzumab/Herceptin 1998) were changing the treatment paradigm.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 172.8 }, { "id": "us-2010s-cancer-survival", "panel": "table", "label": "Cancer 5-year relative survival rate, 2011", "value": "69.7%", "unit": "% surviving 5 years after diagnosis (relative survival, SEER 9)", "source": "seer-csr-1975-2017", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCI SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2017, Table 2.9. Immunotherapy era: ipilimumab (2011), pembrolizumab/nivolumab (2014) for melanoma and lung cancer. Survival crossed 69% — up from 49% in the mid-1970s.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 69.7 }, { "id": "us-2010s-car-price", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Average new car transaction price, 2010", "value": "$24,907", "unit": "USD, nominal (average transaction price, domestic + import)", "source": "bea-new-car-price", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BEA Average Transaction Price per New Car (ORNL TEDB Table 11.13). Post-recession, prices continued their steady climb. The BEA series ended in 2020 (last data year of TEDB Edition 40); the 2020 figure ($27,366) is used for the 2020s room. Population: all new passenger cars sold in the US.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 2490700, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 2010, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2010s-cex-apparel-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Apparel share of household budget, 2012", "value": "3.4% of total expenditures ($1,736)", "unit": "% of total annual expenditures", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "Apparel and services divided by total annual expenditures, all consumer units, 2012. Earlier apparel records for the 1970s-1990s describe four-person units and are not the same population.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 3.4 }, { "id": "us-2010s-cex-expenditure-income-ratio", "panel": "budget", "label": "Expenditure-to-income ratio, 2012", "value": "78.4% — expenditures $51,442 vs income $65,596", "unit": "% (total expenditures ÷ income before taxes)", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "Ratio of average annual expenditures to average income before taxes for all consumer units in 2012. It is not the average household expenditure-to-income ratio and does not identify how any particular family financed spending. The audit reproduces the percentage from both source means.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 78.4 }, { "id": "us-2010s-cex-healthcare-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Healthcare share of household budget, 2012", "value": "6.9% of total expenditures ($3,556)", "unit": "% of total annual expenditures; USD nominal", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS CEX multi-year table (cu-all-multi-year-2006-2012.xlsx). All consumer units. Healthcare: $3,556 of $51,442. Health insurance: $2,061. Medical services: $839. Drugs: $515. Healthcare share rose from 4.7% (1985) to 6.9% (2012). Note: health insurance estimates beginning in 2014 are not strictly comparable to prior years due to questionnaire changes (ACA).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 6.9 }, { "id": "us-2010s-cex-quintile-q1-ratio", "panel": "budget", "label": "Ratio of mean expenditure to mean income, lowest income quintile, 2012", "value": "221.8%", "unit": "% (expenditures ÷ income before taxes)", "source": "bls-cex-lowest-quintile-2012", "tier": "A", "notes": "Ratio of the lowest before-tax-income quintile's mean expenditures ($22,154) to mean before-tax income ($9,988). This ratio of means does not imply that every low-income household spends more than twice its income. These data alone do not decompose the sources financing the difference.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 221.8 }, { "id": "us-2010s-cex-total-expenditures", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average annual household expenditures, 2012", "value": "$51,442", "unit": "USD per consumer unit, nominal", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS CEX multi-year table (cu-all-multi-year-2006-2012.xlsx). All consumer units. Income before taxes: $65,596. Expenditure/income ratio: 78.4%. 124,416 thousand consumer units; 64% homeowners.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 51442.0 }, { "id": "us-2010s-cigarette-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult per capita cigarette consumption, 2010", "value": "1,278 cigarettes per adult per year", "unit": "cigarettes per adult (≥18 years) per year", "source": "cdc-tobacco-consumption-2000", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC Adult Tobacco Consumption dataset (data.cdc.gov). Consumption nearly halved from 2000's 2,076. E-cigarettes were emerging as an alternative but are not counted in cigarette consumption.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2010, "basis": null, "quantity": 1278.0 }, { "id": "us-2010s-cpi", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Consumer Price Index and purchasing power, 2010", "value": "CPI 218.1 (2010) → 313.7 (2024) = 1.4x. $1 in 2010 = $1.44 in 2024. Real median family income grew 1.22x.", "unit": "CPI-U (1982-84=100), annual average", "source": "bls-cpi", "tier": "A", "notes": "CPI from BLS series CUUR0000SA0 (confirmed via BLS API). 2010: 218.1. 2024: 313.7. Ratio: 1.44x. Nominal median family income: $60,240 (2010) → $105,800 (2024) = 1.76x. Real growth: 1.76/1.44 = 1.22x. Recovery from the Great Recession was slow — real income growth was modest but stronger than the 2000s (1.14x).", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2010, "basis": null, "quantity": 218.1 }, { "id": "us-2010s-education", "panel": "day", "label": "Educational attainment, 2010", "value": "HS grad or more: 87.1%, Bachelor's or more: 29.9%, Less than 9th grade: 5.2%", "unit": "% of population 25+ (all races, both sexes)", "source": "census-table-a1-a2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table A-1. CPS ASEC (2001+). HS graduation approaching 87%. Less-than-9th-grade at 5% — down from 60% in 1940. Bachelor's or more approaching 30%. Note: methodology switched from decennial census to CPS ASEC after 2000.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 87.1 }, { "id": "us-2010s-ethanol-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "Alcohol consumed per person, 2010", "value": "2.26 gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "unit": "gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "source": "niaaa-surveillance-122", "tier": "A", "notes": "Beer's share kept falling while wine and spirits rose. The all-beverage total moved little across the decade.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2010, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.26 }, { "id": "us-2010s-expenditure-shares", "panel": "budget", "label": "Expenditure breakdown, 4-person families, 2013", "value": "Housing 33.0%, transportation 18.3%, food 14.0%, insurance/pensions 11.6%, healthcare 5.8%, entertainment 5.1%, apparel 3.6%, cash contributions 2.6%, education 2.4%", "unit": "% of total annual expenditure", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 2013 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Table 1400 (Size of consumer unit). 16,226 thousand 4-person CUs. Total expenditures: $68,299. Income before taxes: $88,828. Expenditure = 77% of gross income. Housing reached 33%. Source: BLS CEX Table 1400, 2013 (cu-size-2013.xlsx from bls.gov/cex/tables.htm).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "income-vs-consumption", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 33.0 }, { "id": "us-2010s-food-basket", "panel": "table", "label": "Food basket and expenditure breakdown, 2013 (CEX)", "value": "Food $9,588/yr (14.0% of expenditure). Food at home $5,794 (60% of food), food away from home $3,794 (40%). Key items: meats/poultry/fish/eggs $1,237, fruits/vegetables $1,066, cereals/bakery $822, dairy $615, beef $318. Total expenditure: $68,299.", "unit": "USD per family per year, nominal", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 2013 CEX, Table 1400. 16,226 thousand 4-person CUs. Food at home share: 60%, food away: 40%. Source: BLS CEX Table 1400, 2013 (cu-size-2013.xlsx from bls.gov/cex/tables.htm).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "income-vs-consumption", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 14.0 }, { "id": "us-2010s-food-prices", "panel": "table", "label": "Retail food prices, December 2010", "value": "Bread $1.39/lb, ground beef $2.93/lb, bacon $4.16/lb, eggs $1.79/doz, lettuce $0.99/lb", "unit": "USD, retail prices (December 2010, BLS API)", "source": "bls-api", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS API: APU0000702111 (bread, white, pan, per lb), APU0000703111 (ground chuck, per lb), APU0000704111 (bacon, per lb), APU0000708111 (eggs, per doz), APU0000712211 (lettuce, per lb). Values are December 2010 monthly averages. CORRECTION 2026-07-08: previous version had mismatched labels. Bread up 40% from 2000 ($0.99→$1.39), ground beef up 48% ($1.98→$2.93), bacon up 37% ($3.03→$4.16). The 2007-08 and 2010-11 global food price crises drove significant increases. By December 2024: bread $1.91/lb, ground beef $5.58/lb, bacon $6.92/lb — food prices continued rising sharply in the 2020s.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2010s-heart-disease-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Heart disease age-adjusted death rate, 2010", "value": "179.1 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-mortality-trends", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NCHS. Down 70% from the 1950 peak. Heart disease remained the #1 cause of death despite the dramatic decline. The rate of improvement slowed mid-decade.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 179.1 }, { "id": "us-2010s-heating-fuel", "panel": "home", "label": "House heating fuel, 2015 (RECS)", "value": "Natural gas 51%, electricity 36%, propane 4%, fuel oil 4%, other 5%", "unit": "% of heated homes using each fuel as main space heating source", "source": "eia-recs", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the 2015 RECS. Natural gas remained dominant but was slowly declining (49% in 2009). Electricity continued its rise (34% in 2009 → 36% in 2015), gaining on gas. Fuel oil fell further to ~4% (concentrated in the Northeast at 23%). The long arc: coal dominated in 1940 (55%), gas by 1960 (43%), electricity rising from 2% (1960) to 36% (2015). Source: EIA RECS 2015.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2010s-home-as-income-years", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Median home value as years of median family income, 2010", "value": "2.99 years ($179,900 home vs $60,240 income)", "unit": "years of median family income (nominal)", "source": "census-acs-homevalue", "tier": "C", "notes": "Computed: 2010 ACS median home value ($179,900) / 2010 Census F-8 median family income ($60,240). Post-crash: home values had dropped but incomes stagnated, making housing less affordable than the 1990s ratio (~2.3). By 2024: $360,600 / ~$104,000 = ~3.5 years.", "assumptions": [ "affordability-normalization", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2010s-home-production-men", "panel": "day", "label": "Men's household-activity hours, 2010 (ATUS)", "value": "1.42 hrs/day", "unit": "hours per day, all men 15+ (ATUS; concept splice from Ramey)", "source": "bls-atus", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ATUS Table A-1 (2010 annual averages), a1_2010.pdf. 'Household activities' = 1.42 hrs/day for men. Cross-verified against Table A-2 (a2_2010.pdf): weekday 1.30 + weekend 1.72, weighted (5×1.30+2×1.72)/7 = 1.420 = 1.42. Concept splice: see us-2010s-home-production-women notes. Ramey's 2005 endpoint: men 16.8 hrs/week; ATUS measures a narrower activity set for all men 15+ in hrs/day. The quantity is hrs/day (the source's own unit); the arc caveat flags the discontinuity. The 2020s room carries the 2024 ATUS endpoint (us-2020s-home-production-splice).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 1.42 }, { "id": "us-2010s-home-production-women", "panel": "day", "label": "Women's household-activity hours, 2010 (ATUS)", "value": "2.14 hrs/day", "unit": "hours per day, all women 15+ (ATUS; concept splice from Ramey)", "source": "bls-atus", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ATUS Table A-1 (2010 annual averages), a1_2010.pdf. 'Household activities' = 2.14 hrs/day for women (includes housework, food prep/cleanup, lawn/garden, household management). Cross-verified against Table A-2 (a2_2010.pdf): weekday 2.05 + weekend 2.38, weighted (5×2.05+2×2.38)/7 = 2.144 ≈ 2.14. Concept splice (Plan 004 Measure guard): Ramey measures 'home production' (broader: includes childcare, purchasing) for prime-age women 18-64 in hrs/week; ATUS measures 'household activities' (narrower) for all women 15+ in hrs/day. The quantity is hrs/day (the source's own unit); the arc chart plots it alongside Ramey's hrs/week values — the visual discontinuity reflects the concept splice, flagged by the arc caveat. The 2020s room carries the 2024 ATUS endpoint (us-2020s-home-production-splice).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.14 }, { "id": "us-2010s-homeownership", "panel": "home", "label": "Homeownership rate, 2010", "value": "65.1%", "unit": "% of occupied dwelling units (owner-occupied)", "source": "census-homeownership-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Bureau. Down from the bubble peak (~69% in 2004-06) due to the foreclosure crisis. The 2010s saw a slow recovery in homeownership.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 65.1 }, { "id": "us-2010s-hourly-earnings-manufacturing", "panel": "day", "label": "Average hourly earnings, manufacturing production workers, 2010", "value": "$18.61", "unit": "USD per hour, nominal", "source": "fred-ces-manuf-earnings", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted observations for 2010, retrieved from the BLS Public Data API on 2026-09-07. The saved response and all month/year labels are audit inputs.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 1861, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 2010, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2010s-infant-mortality", "panel": "day", "label": "Infant mortality rate, 2010", "value": "6.1 per 1,000 live births", "unit": "deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births", "source": "nchs-nvss", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS, Health, United States, 2016, Table 11. All races. Neonatal: 4.0; postneonatal: 2.1. By 2015: 5.9. The decline continued but racial disparities persisted — black infant mortality remained more than twice the white rate.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 6.1 }, { "id": "us-2010s-internet", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Internet and broadband, 2010s", "value": "Internet: 79% (2009) → 90% (2019). Broadband: 63% (2009) → 73% (2019).", "unit": "% of adults", "source": "pew-internet-broadband", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Pew Research Center. Internet adoption plateaued in the 2010s (~90% saturation). Home broadband growth slowed — many low-income households adopted smartphones instead of home broadband, creating a 'smartphone-only' digital divide.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2010s-life-expectancy", "panel": "day", "label": "Life expectancy at birth, 2010", "value": "76.2 male, 81.0 female (78.7 total, all races)", "unit": "years", "source": "nchs-nvss", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS National Vital Statistics System (NVSR Vol 63 No 7). Up from 74.3/79.7 in 2000. Life expectancy peaked at 78.9 in 2014, then declined through 2017 due to the opioid crisis (drug overdose deaths) and suicide. By 2019: 78.8 (pre-COVID). COVID-19 would drop it to 77.0 in 2020 and 76.1 in 2021.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 78.7 }, { "id": "us-2010s-married-women-lfpr", "panel": "day", "label": "Married women's labor force participation, 2016", "value": "57.9%", "unit": "% of married women (spouse present) in the civilian labor force", "source": "bls-womens-databook", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS Women in the Labor Force: A Databook (2017 edition, Report 1063), covering 2016 annual averages. CPS annual averages. Down from the 2000 peak of 61.1% — married women's LFPR declined in the 2010s after a century of growth. The 2015 figure was 57.9% (BLS Women's Databook 2017). The decline reflects demographic shifts (aging population, more retirees) and the lingering effects of the Great Recession.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 57.9 }, { "id": "us-2010s-median-age-first-marriage", "panel": "day", "label": "Median age at first marriage, 2010", "value": "Men: 28.2, Women: 26.1", "unit": "years (median age at first marriage)", "source": "census-table-ms2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table MS-2. CPS ASEC. Men crossed 28, women crossed 26 — both at historic highs. The composite four-person family now forms 5-6 years later than in the 1950s. By 2023: 30.2/28.4. Same-sex marriages included starting 2019.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 28.2 }, { "id": "us-2010s-median-family-income", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, all families, 2010", "value": "$60,240", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. All families: 79,560 thousand, median $60,240 ($83,640 in 2024 dollars). The Great Recession had reduced real median income from the 2007 peak. Recovery was slow — by 2019, median family income reached ~$86,000 (nominal).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 60240.0 }, { "id": "us-2010s-median-gross-rent", "panel": "home", "label": "Median gross rent, 2010", "value": "$855/month", "unit": "USD, nominal (median gross rent, specified renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent)", "source": "census-acs-gross-rent", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ACS Table B25064, 2010 1-year estimates (Census API). Up from $602 in 2000 (decennial census). The decennial gross-rents series ends at 2000; the ACS is its successor. The renter half of the housing story: at 65.1% homeownership, a third of families rented.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 855.0 }, { "id": "us-2010s-median-home-size", "panel": "home", "label": "Median square footage of new single-family homes, 2010", "value": "2,169 sq ft (new construction)", "unit": "median square feet of floor area, new single-family houses completed", "source": "census-soc-new-housing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the Census Bureau's Survey of Construction (C-25 annual report). New homes continued growing through the 2010s recovery: 2010 was 2,169, 2015 peaked at 2,467, 2017 was 2,426. The 2020s saw a pullback to 2,150 (2024, JCHS report) — builders shifted to smaller, more affordable homes. Source: c25ann2017.pdf.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 2169.0 }, { "id": "us-2010s-median-home-value", "panel": "home", "label": "Median home value, 2010", "value": "$179,900", "unit": "USD, nominal (owner-occupied)", "source": "census-acs-homevalue", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ACS Table B25077, 2010 1-year estimates. Post-housing-crash median: down from $240,500 (2019) and $360,600 (2024). The Census Historical Housing Tables (values-unadj.txt) decennial series ends at 2000 ($119,600). Source: censusreporter.org/tables/B25077/.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization", "hours-vs-income-denominator" ], "amount_minor": 17990000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 2010, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2010s-median-income-four-person", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, four-person families, 2010", "value": "$74,750", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. 4-person families: median $74,750 ($103,800 in 2024 dollars). Average family size: 3.14.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "four-person-normalization", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 7475000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 2010, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 74750.0 }, { "id": "us-2010s-median-net-worth", "panel": "day", "label": "Median family net worth, 2016", "value": "$97,300 (97.3 thousand, 2016 dollars)", "unit": "median net worth, all families (SCF)", "source": "fed-scf", "tier": "A", "notes": "From SCF Chartbook (bulletincharts.pdf). 2016 survey, in 2016 dollars. Down from $139,700 peak in 2007 — the Great Recession destroyed a decade of wealth accumulation for the median family. By 2016, median net worth had recovered from the 2010 trough ($85,400) but remained 30% below the 2007 peak.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 97.3 }, { "id": "us-2010s-nhe-medicaid", "panel": "table", "label": "Medicaid spending, 2010", "value": "$397,425 million (15.4% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Medicaid: $397,425M of $2,588,734M total.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 397425.0 }, { "id": "us-2010s-nhe-medicare", "panel": "table", "label": "Medicare spending, 2010", "value": "$519,534 million (20.1% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Medicare: $519,534M of $2,588,734M total.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 519534.0 }, { "id": "us-2010s-nhe-out-of-pocket-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Out-of-pocket share of health spending, 2010", "value": "11.7% of national health expenditures paid out of pocket", "unit": "% of total NHE", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02. Out of pocket: $303,421M of $2,588,734M total.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 11.7 }, { "id": "us-2010s-nhe-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "National health spending per person, 2010", "value": "$8,377 per capita ($7,054 for personal health care)", "unit": "USD per person, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 01 (NHE24_Summary.csv). NHE per capita: $8,377. Personal Health Care per capita: $7,054. Population: 309M.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 8377.0 }, { "id": "us-2010s-nhe-prescription-drugs", "panel": "table", "label": "Prescription drug spending, 2010", "value": "$253,371 million (9.8% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Prescription drugs: $253,371M of $2,588,734M total.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 253371.0 }, { "id": "us-2010s-nhe-total", "panel": "table", "label": "Healthcare spending, 2010", "value": "$2,588.7 billion (17.2% of GDP)", "unit": "USD billions, nominal; NHE as % of GDP", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 01. NHE: $2,588.7B. GDP: $15,049.0B. Per capita: $8,377. Healthcare's GDP share jumped from 13.3% to 17.2% in the 2000s — the largest decade increase. Medicare Part D (prescription drug benefit, 2006) added spending.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 17.2 }, { "id": "us-2010s-number-of-families", "panel": "budget", "label": "Number of families in the United States, 2010", "value": "79,560,000", "unit": "families", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census F-8. Up from 73,780,000 in 2000.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 79560000.0 }, { "id": "us-2010s-poverty-rate", "panel": "budget", "label": "Official poverty rate, 2010", "value": "15.1% (46.2 million people in poverty)", "unit": "% of all people below official poverty level", "source": "census-poverty-historical", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Historical Poverty Tables (API: histpov2). Official poverty rate: 15.1%. Family poverty: 13.2%. Highest poverty rate since 1993 — the Great Recession's impact. Recovery was slow: by 2015 still 13.5%, by 2019: 10.5% (pre-COVID). By 2024: 10.6%.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 15.1 }, { "id": "us-2010s-smartphone", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Smartphone ownership, 2010s", "value": "~35% (2011) → 81% (2019)", "unit": "% of adults who own a smartphone", "source": "pew-internet-broadband", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Pew Research Center. The smartphone was the defining technology of the 2010s. iPhone launched 2007, Android 2008. By 2011, ~35% of adults had a smartphone. By 2019, 81%. Smartphone ownership crossed 50% around 2013.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2010s-smoking-prevalence", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult cigarette smoking prevalence, 2010", "value": "19.3% of adults smoked (21.5% of men, 17.3% of women)", "unit": "% of adults ≥18 who currently smoke (NHIS)", "source": "cdc-nhis-smoking-prevalence", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NHIS (compiled by American Lung Association). Smoking fell below 20% for the first time. The 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act gave FDA regulatory authority over tobacco products.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2010, "basis": null, "quantity": 19.3 }, { "id": "us-2010s-streaming-traffic", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Streaming video share of Internet traffic, 2015", "value": "70% of North American Internet traffic (peak evening, December 2015)", "unit": "% of wireline Internet traffic (Sandvine)", "source": "fcc-video-competition", "tier": "B", "notes": "From FCC 19th Video Competition Report (DA 17-71), citing Sandvine. Streaming video dominated peak evening traffic. MVPD video margins fell from 20% (2013) to ~10% (2015) as programming costs rose 8.1% annually. Total MVPD subscribers declined ~1.1 million in 2015 — cord-cutting was accelerating.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 70.0 }, { "id": "us-2010s-teen-birth-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Births per 1,000 women aged 15-19, 2010", "value": "34.2 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19", "unit": "live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19", "source": "nchs-hus-2019-table1", "tier": "A", "notes": "34.2, or roughly a third of the 1960 figure. The steepest decade of decline in the table.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2010, "basis": null, "quantity": 34.2 }, { "id": "us-2010s-traffic-death-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Road deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles, 2010", "value": "1.11 deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "unit": "deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "source": "fhwa-fi200-2023", "tier": "A", "notes": "Absolute deaths, at 32,999, were lower than in any year since 1949. The rate would fall a little further still, to its 124-year low of 1.08 in 2014.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2010, "basis": null, "quantity": 1.11 }, { "id": "us-2010s-vehicle-ownership", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with at least one vehicle, 2010", "value": "90.9% (9.1% with no vehicle); avg 2.0 vehicles per household", "unit": "% of occupied housing units with 1+ vehicles", "source": "bts-vehicle-availability", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BTS Figure 2-7 (Census Bureau ACS, 2010). 9.1% had no vehicle, 33.8% had one, 37.6% had two, 19.5% had three or more. Households with 3+ vehicles (19.5%) now exceeded car-free households (9.1%) two-to-one. By 2023: 91.6%. Population: all occupied housing units.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 90.9 }, { "id": "us-2010s-wages", "panel": "day", "label": "Average hourly earnings, total private production and nonsupervisory employees, 2010", "value": "$19.05", "unit": "USD per hour, nominal", "source": "fred-ahetpi", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted BLS CES0500000008 observations for 2010. Audited against the saved BLS API response retrieved 2026-09-07; rounded once to cents. This is an average worker wage, not median family income.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 1905, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 2010, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2010s-week-of-work-buys", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "What a week of work bought, 2010", "value": "$636.27/week — a full year of it (×52) ≈ 55% of median family income", "unit": "weekly earnings vs annual median family income", "source": "fred-ahetpi", "tier": "A", "notes": "The product of the rounded hourly wage and weekly-hours observations for total-private production and nonsupervisory employees is $636.27. Assuming 52 paid weeks gives $33,086.04, or 54.9% of the all-family median income of $60,240 (Census F-8). Worker and family survey populations differ. This illustrative ratio does not establish household needs, income sufficiency, or the number of earners in a family.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2010s-weekly-hours-manufacturing", "panel": "day", "label": "Average weekly hours, manufacturing production workers, 2010", "value": "41.1", "unit": "hours per week", "source": "fred-awhman", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted observations for 2010, retrieved from the BLS Public Data API on 2026-09-07. The saved response and all month/year labels are audit inputs.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 41.1 }, { "id": "us-2010s-weekly-hours-total-private", "panel": "day", "label": "Average weekly hours, total private production and nonsupervisory employees, 2010", "value": "33.4", "unit": "hours per week", "source": "fred-awhnonag", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted observations for 2010, retrieved from the BLS Public Data API on 2026-09-07. The saved response and all month/year labels are audit inputs.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 33.4 }, { "id": "us-2010s-workplace-death-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Deaths at work per 100,000 workers, 2010", "value": "3.6 fatal work injuries per 100,000 full-time-equivalent workers", "unit": "fatal work injuries per 100,000 full-time-equivalent workers", "source": "bls-cfoi-hours-based-rates", "tier": "A", "notes": "The rate has moved inside a narrow band since the measure began: between 3.3 and 4.2 across nineteen years, with no trend the record can call a fall.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2010, "basis": null, "quantity": 3.6 } ], "derived": [ { "id": "us-2010s-produce-variety-count", "panel": "table", "label": "Fresh-produce commodities at a pound or more per person, 2010", "unit": "of the fresh-produce commodities ERS tracked that year", "op": "count_above", "numerator": "", "denominator": "", "precision": 1, "notes": "Every fresh fruit and vegetable commodity sheet in the two ERS fresh workbooks, counted when the food supply provided at least a full pound per person that year, farm weight. The total is the commodities ERS tracked that year: series that had not yet begun or had already ended are outside the count, so a widening record cannot masquerade as rising variety. Availability is a disappearance estimate — what the supply made available, not what anyone ate; the rule and its rationale are in the assumption ledger (produce-variety-rule).", "assumptions": [ "produce-variety-rule", "composite-family" ], "inflate_series": "", "inflate_from_year": 0, "inflate_to_year": 0, "count_series": [ "us-availability-apples", "us-availability-apricots", "us-availability-artichokes", "us-availability-asparagus", "us-availability-avocados", "us-availability-bananas", "us-availability-bell-peppers", "us-availability-blueberries", "us-availability-broccoli", "us-availability-brussels-sprouts", "us-availability-cabbage", "us-availability-cantaloupe", "us-availability-carrots", "us-availability-cauliflower", "us-availability-celery", "us-availability-collards", "us-availability-cucumbers", "us-availability-eggplant", "us-availability-escarole", "us-availability-garlic", "us-availability-grapefruit", "us-availability-grapes", "us-availability-head-lettuce", "us-availability-honeydew", "us-availability-kale", "us-availability-kiwifruit", "us-availability-lemons", "us-availability-lima-beans", "us-availability-limes", "us-availability-mangoes", "us-availability-mushrooms", "us-availability-mustard-greens", "us-availability-okra", "us-availability-onions", "us-availability-oranges", "us-availability-papayas", "us-availability-peaches", "us-availability-pears", "us-availability-pineapples", "us-availability-potatoes", "us-availability-pumpkin", "us-availability-radishes", "us-availability-raspberries", "us-availability-romaine", "us-availability-snap-beans", "us-availability-spinach", "us-availability-squash", "us-availability-strawberries", "us-availability-sweet-corn", "us-availability-sweet-potatoes", "us-availability-tangerines", "us-availability-tomatoes", "us-availability-turnip-greens", "us-availability-watermelon" ], "threshold": 1.0, "at_year": 2010, "value": "42 of 54", "computed_value": 42.0, "computed_amount_minor": null, "computed_currency": null, "tier": "A", "inflation": null } ] }, { "country": "us", "decade": "2020s", "slug": "us-2020s", "wage_anchor": "us-2020s-hourly-earnings", "income_anchor": "us-2020s-median-income-four-person", "data_as_of": "2024", "facts": [ { "id": "us-2020s-air-conditioning", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households using air conditioning, 2020", "value": "88% (two-thirds central AC)", "unit": "% of households", "source": "eia-recs", "tier": "A", "notes": "From 2020 RECS (EIA). 88% of US households use AC. Two-thirds use central AC or central heat pump as main AC equipment. By region: Midwest 92%, South 93%, Northeast lower (older housing stock). In 1960, only 18.8% of households had AC — the diffusion arc is one of the steepest material improvements in the museum.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 88.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-availability-bell-peppers", "panel": "table", "label": "Bell peppers available per person, 2020", "value": "10.73 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh bell peppers. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. 5.2 times the 1960 figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2020, "basis": null, "quantity": 10.73 }, { "id": "us-2020s-availability-broccoli", "panel": "table", "label": "Broccoli available per person, 2020", "value": "5.86 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh broccoli. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. 14.7 times the 1960 figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2020, "basis": null, "quantity": 5.86 }, { "id": "us-2020s-availability-grapes", "panel": "table", "label": "Grapes available per person, 2020", "value": "8.22 pounds per person per year", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "notes": "Fresh grapes. Food availability, not intake: production plus imports less exports and non-food use, over population. Farm weight, as ERS publishes it. 2.8 times the 1970 figure.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2020, "basis": null, "quantity": 8.22 }, { "id": "us-2020s-average-family-size", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average family size, 2024", "value": "3.15", "unit": "persons per family", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Table F-8, all families, row 10, column G. Down from 3.54 in 1950 — families are smaller.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 3.15 }, { "id": "us-2020s-broadband-diffusion", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Adults with home broadband, 2025", "value": "78%", "unit": "% of U.S. adults with home broadband subscription", "source": "pew-internet-broadband", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Pew Research Center Internet/Broadband Fact Sheet, data extracted from embedded JSON (survey June 2025). Down from 80% in 2023 — broadband adoption has plateaued. By race (2025): White 81%, Black 71%, Hispanic 68%, Asian 86%. The gap between internet use (96%) and home broadband (78%) reflects mobile-only access.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 78.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-cancer-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Cancer age-adjusted death rate, 2024", "value": "139.4 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-db548", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS Data Brief No. 548 (Jan 2026). Down 35% from the 1990 peak. Immunotherapy (checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T) has transformed treatment of melanoma, lung, and other cancers.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 139.4 }, { "id": "us-2020s-cancer-survival", "panel": "table", "label": "Cancer 5-year relative survival rate, 2016-2022", "value": "70.5%", "unit": "% surviving 5 years after diagnosis (relative survival, SEER)", "source": "seer-statfacts-all-sites", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCI SEER Cancer Stat Facts (seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/all.html). Up from 48.9% in 1975-1979 — a 44% relative improvement. ACS Facts & Figures 2025 reports 69% for 2014-2020 diagnoses (all races).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 70.5 }, { "id": "us-2020s-car-price", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Average new car transaction price, 2020", "value": "$27,366", "unit": "USD, nominal (average transaction price, domestic + import)", "source": "bea-new-car-price", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BEA Average Transaction Price per New Car (ORNL TEDB Table 11.13, Edition 40 — last published year). The BEA notes: 'The average price for cars increased from 2019 to 2020.' Post-2020 prices are not available in this series; industry sources (NADA, KBB) report average new car prices exceeding $47,000 by 2023, but those figures include SUVs and trucks. Population: all new passenger cars sold in the US.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": 2736600, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 2020, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2020s-cex-apparel-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Apparel share of household budget, 2024", "value": "2.5% of total expenditures", "unit": "% of total annual expenditures", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "Apparel and services divided by total annual expenditures, all consumer units, 2024. Earlier apparel records for the 1970s-1990s describe four-person units and are not the same population.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.5 }, { "id": "us-2020s-cex-expenditure-income-ratio", "panel": "budget", "label": "Expenditure-to-income ratio, 2024", "value": "75.4% — expenditures $78,535 vs income $104,207", "unit": "% (total expenditures ÷ income before taxes)", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "Ratio of average annual expenditures to average income before taxes for all consumer units in 2024. It is not the average household expenditure-to-income ratio and does not identify how any particular family financed spending. The audit reproduces the percentage from both source means.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 75.4 }, { "id": "us-2020s-cex-healthcare-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Healthcare share of household budget, 2024", "value": "7.9% of total expenditures ($6,197)", "unit": "% of total annual expenditures; USD nominal", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS CEX multi-year table (cu-all-multi-year-2021-2024.xlsx). All consumer units. Healthcare: $6,197 of $78,535. Health insurance: $4,055. Medical services: $1,252. Drugs: $658. Medical supplies: $233. Healthcare share nearly doubled from 4.7% (1985) to 7.9% (2024). Note: health insurance estimates beginning in 2014 are not strictly comparable to prior years due to questionnaire changes (ACA).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 7.9 }, { "id": "us-2020s-cex-total-expenditures", "panel": "budget", "label": "Average annual household expenditures, 2024", "value": "$78,535", "unit": "USD per consumer unit, nominal", "source": "bls-cex", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS CEX multi-year table (cu-all-multi-year-2021-2024.xlsx). All consumer units. Income before taxes: $104,207. Expenditure/income ratio: 75.4%. 135,760 thousand consumer units; 65% homeowners. After-tax income not published for 2024 (TAXSIM models discontinued).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 78535.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-cigarette-consumption", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult per capita cigarette consumption, 2020", "value": "890 cigarettes per adult per year", "unit": "cigarettes per adult (≥18 years) per year", "source": "cdc-tobacco-consumption-2000", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC Adult Tobacco Consumption dataset (data.cdc.gov). Consumption fell below 1,000 for the first time since the 1930s. By 2023 it had declined further to 678 per adult.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2020, "basis": null, "quantity": 890.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-cpi", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Consumer Price Index, 2024", "value": "313.7", "unit": "CPI-U, 1982-84=100, annual average", "source": "fred-cpiaucns", "tier": "A", "notes": "From FRED CPIAUCNS (not seasonally adjusted). Annual average of 12 monthly observations for 2024.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2024, "basis": null, "quantity": 313.7 }, { "id": "us-2020s-education", "panel": "day", "label": "Educational attainment, 2024", "value": "HS grad or more: 91.4%, Bachelor's or more: 38.7%, Less than 9th grade: 3.5%", "unit": "% of population 25+ (all races, both sexes)", "source": "census-table-a1-a2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table A-1. CPS ASEC 2024. HS graduation above 91%. Less-than-9th-grade at 3.5% — down from 60% in 1940. Bachelor's or more approaching 39% — nearly 4 in 10 adults have a college degree, up from 1 in 20 in 1940. 2020 ACS data quality affected by COVID-19 data collection disruptions.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 91.4 }, { "id": "us-2020s-ethanol-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "Alcohol consumed per person, 2020", "value": "2.44 gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "unit": "gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "source": "niaaa-surveillance-122", "tier": "A", "notes": "The first pandemic year. Consumption rose to 2.54 in 2021, the highest since 1985, then eased to 2.48 by 2023.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2020, "basis": null, "quantity": 2.44 }, { "id": "us-2020s-expenditure-breakdown-4p", "panel": "budget", "label": "Expenditure breakdown, four-person consumer units, 2024", "value": "no reliable record verified for this comparison", "unit": "% of total annual expenditure", "source": "bls-cex-four-person-2024-aggregate", "tier": "D", "notes": "The archived 2024 Table 1400 contains rounded shares of national aggregate spending by consumer-unit size, not published within-budget mean expenditure shares. Its income mean also differs from the previous transcription. Exact four-person expenditure amounts and budget shares previously shown here cannot be reproduced from this file and have been withdrawn pending the correct annual-means table. The direct official means-table download returned HTTP 403 on 2026-09-07. Historical comparisons also mix survey populations; 1901 rent is narrower than modern housing expenditure. All-consumer-unit 2024 figures remain separately available and audited.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "income-vs-consumption", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2020s-food-expenditure-share", "panel": "table", "label": "Food expenditure share, four-person consumer units, 2024", "value": "no reliable record verified for this comparison", "unit": "% share of total annual expenditure", "source": "bls-cex-four-person-2024-aggregate", "tier": "D", "notes": "The archived 2024 Table 1400 contains rounded shares of national aggregate spending by consumer-unit size, not published within-budget mean expenditure shares. Its income mean also differs from the previous transcription. Exact four-person expenditure amounts and budget shares previously shown here cannot be reproduced from this file and have been withdrawn pending the correct annual-means table. The direct official means-table download returned HTTP 403 on 2026-09-07. Historical comparisons also mix survey populations; 1901 rent is narrower than modern housing expenditure. All-consumer-unit 2024 figures remain separately available and audited.", "assumptions": [ "income-vs-consumption" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2020s-food-prices", "panel": "table", "label": "Retail food prices, December 2024", "value": "Bread $1.91/lb, ground beef $5.58/lb, bacon $6.92/lb, eggs $4.15/doz, lettuce $1.71/lb, bananas $0.62/lb", "unit": "USD, nominal, BLS average price survey (APU series, December 2024)", "source": "bls-api", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS Public Data API v2, series APU0000702111 (bread, white, pan, per lb), APU0000703111 (ground chuck, 100% beef, per lb), APU0000704111 (bacon, sliced, per lb), APU0000708111 (eggs, grade A, large, per doz), APU0000712211 (lettuce, iceberg, per lb), APU0000711211 (bananas, per lb). Values are December 2024 monthly averages, verified via BLS API catalog endpoint. CORRECTION 2026-07-08: the previous version of this fact had mismatched labels — APU0000712211 was labeled 'bread' but is actually lettuce; APU0000702111 was labeled 'flour' but is actually bread; APU0000703111 was labeled 'round steak' but is actually ground chuck; APU0000704111 was labeled 'milk' but is actually bacon; APU0000708111 was labeled 'potatoes' but is actually eggs; APU0000711211 was labeled 'coffee' but is actually bananas. The note claiming 'eggs, butter, bananas, sugar returned N/A' was also wrong — eggs and bananas both returned valid data. For comparison with 1950: bread 14.3¢→$1.91/lb (13.4x), ground beef ~93.6¢→$5.58/lb (6.0x), eggs 60.4¢→$4.15/doz (6.9x).", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2020s-food-share-comparison", "panel": "budget", "label": "Food-share comparison with 1901: verification gap", "value": "no reliable record verified for this comparison", "unit": "% of total family expenditure", "source": "bls-cex-four-person-2024-aggregate", "tier": "D", "notes": "The archived 2024 Table 1400 contains rounded shares of national aggregate spending by consumer-unit size, not published within-budget mean expenditure shares. Its income mean also differs from the previous transcription. Exact four-person expenditure amounts and budget shares previously shown here cannot be reproduced from this file and have been withdrawn pending the correct annual-means table. The direct official means-table download returned HTTP 403 on 2026-09-07. Historical comparisons also mix survey populations; 1901 rent is narrower than modern housing expenditure. All-consumer-unit 2024 figures remain separately available and audited.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "income-vs-consumption", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2020s-heart-disease-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Heart disease age-adjusted death rate, 2024", "value": "157.6 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-db548", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS Data Brief No. 548 (Jan 2026), final 2024 mortality data. Down 73% from the 1950 peak of 588.8. The COVID-19 pandemic caused a temporary increase (2019: 161.5 → 2021: ~173), but rates have since declined below pre-pandemic levels.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 157.6 }, { "id": "us-2020s-heating-fuel", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Primary heating fuel, 2024", "value": "Natural gas 47%, electricity 42%, other 11%", "unit": "% of households by primary space heating fuel", "source": "census-acs", "tier": "A", "notes": "From 2024 ACS 1-year estimates, Table B25040 (House Heating Fuel). Natural gas: 47% (down from 49% in 2010). Electricity: 42% (up sharply, gaining on gas). Other: propane, fuel oil, wood. (Source re-pointed from eia-recs 2026-07-07: the figures are ACS, not RECS.) The shift from coal to gas to electricity is a century-long arc: in 1940 coal was dominant, by 1950 gas and oil were replacing it, by 2020s electricity is gaining. Fuel oil heating is now <5% nationally but persists in older Northeast housing stock.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2020s-home-production-splice", "panel": "day", "label": "Home-production hours: Ramey endpoint vs ATUS (concept splice)", "value": "Ramey 2005: women 29.3, men 16.8 hrs/week (ages 18–64) → ATUS 2024: household activities 2.01 hrs/day, all adults 15+", "unit": "hours per week vs hours per day — not directly comparable", "source": "ramey-2009", "tier": "C", "notes": "Concept splice (Plan 004 Measure guard): Ramey measures unpaid home production (food prep, cleaning, clothing care, childcare, purchasing, management) for prime-age women and men separately, ages 18-64, in hours/week. ATUS (us-2020s-time-use, source bls-atus, 2024 annual averages) measures 'household activities' for all adults 15+ in hrs/day, without gender breakdown in the headline figure. The two series are NOT directly comparable: (1) different activity definitions (Ramey's 'home production' is broader than ATUS 'household activities'), (2) different populations (prime-age vs all-adult), (3) different units (weekly vs daily). When plotted on the same axis, this splice must carry a caveat banner. The Ramey series is the thesis spine (women's hours falling); ATUS is the modern anchor point.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2020s-homeownership-rate", "panel": "home", "label": "Homeownership rate, 2024", "value": "65.3%", "unit": "% of occupied housing units that are owner-occupied", "source": "census-acs", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Bureau, 2024 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates (data.census.gov). The rate is ±0.1%. Up from 55.0% in 1950. (Source re-pointed from census-ahs 2026-07-07: this is ACS data, not AHS.)", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 65.3 }, { "id": "us-2020s-hourly-earnings", "panel": "day", "label": "Average hourly earnings, all private-sector production workers, 2024", "value": "$30.12", "unit": "USD per hour, nominal", "source": "fred-ahetpi", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted BLS observations for 2024, retrieved 2026-09-07. Rounded once to the displayed precision; each month/year and the series identifier are guarded by the audit.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization", "wage-anchor-consistency" ], "amount_minor": 3012, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 2024, "basis": "hourly", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2020s-housing-characteristics", "panel": "home", "label": "Housing characteristics, 2023 (AHS)", "value": "Median 1,500 sq ft. 99.9% have complete bathroom. 89.3% public water, 80.9% public sewer. Median 5 rooms. 67.6% have garage/carport.", "unit": "percent of 133.2M occupied units (AHS 2023 National)", "source": "census-ahs", "tier": "A", "notes": "From American Housing Survey 2023 National tables (AHS Table Creator, generated 2026-07-06). Data parsed from Excel exports. Total occupied units: 133,231 thousand. Complete bathroom: 133,096K (99.9%). Public water: 119,015K (89.3%). Public sewer: 107,884K (80.9%). Garage or carport: 90,044K (67.6%). Median square footage: 1,500 (mean: 1,809). For comparison with 1950 Census of Housing: near-universal plumbing and electricity, dramatically larger homes (1950 median ~1,000 sq ft estimated).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "dwelling-size-metric" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 1500.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-housing-share-comparison", "panel": "budget", "label": "Housing-share comparison with 1901: incompatible categories", "value": "no reliable record verified for this comparison", "unit": "% of total family expenditure", "source": "bls-cex-four-person-2024-aggregate", "tier": "D", "notes": "The archived 2024 Table 1400 contains rounded shares of national aggregate spending by consumer-unit size, not published within-budget mean expenditure shares. Its income mean also differs from the previous transcription. Exact four-person expenditure amounts and budget shares previously shown here cannot be reproduced from this file and have been withdrawn pending the correct annual-means table. The direct official means-table download returned HTTP 403 on 2026-09-07. Historical comparisons also mix survey populations; 1901 rent is narrower than modern housing expenditure. All-consumer-unit 2024 figures remain separately available and audited.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "income-vs-consumption", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2020s-housing-surge", "panel": "home", "label": "The pandemic housing surge: median home value 2019 vs 2024", "value": "$240,500 (2019) → $360,600 (2024)", "unit": "USD, nominal (ACS B25077 median value of owner-occupied units)", "source": "census-acs-homevalue", "tier": "A", "notes": "Both endpoints transcribed from Census ACS 1-Year Estimates, Table B25077 (Median value of owner-occupied housing units). 2019: $240,500 (±$1,034). 2024: $360,600 (±$618). The increase far exceeds the prior decade's rate ($179,900 in 2010 → $240,500 in 2019). The surge reflects pandemic-era demand, low mortgage rates (2020-21), and supply constraints. The percentage change is not stated here — it would be cross-fact arithmetic; the two endpoints speak for themselves.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2020s-infant-mortality", "panel": "day", "label": "Infant mortality rate, 2024", "value": "5.525 per 1,000 live births (552.5 per 100,000)", "unit": "deaths before age 1 per 1,000 live births", "source": "nchs-nvss", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS Data Brief No. 548 (Jan 2026), final 2024 mortality data. 2024 rate: 552.5 infant deaths per 100,000 live births (5.525 per 1,000) — not significantly different from 2023 (560.2 per 100,000 = 5.602 per 1,000). For cross-decade comparison: 1900: ~100 per 1,000; 1915: 99.9; 1997: 7.2. The century-long decline exceeds 90% — one of the greatest public health achievements. Persistent racial disparities: Black infant mortality is ~2x the national average.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2024, "basis": null, "quantity": 5.525 }, { "id": "us-2020s-internet-diffusion", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Adults who use the internet, 2025", "value": "96%", "unit": "% of U.S. adults who use the internet (at least occasionally)", "source": "pew-internet-broadband", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Pew Research Center Internet/Broadband Fact Sheet, data extracted from embedded JSON (survey data through June 2025). Up from 52% in 2000 (first Pew measurement). By community type (2024): Urban 96%, Suburban 98%, Rural 95%. By age (2025): 18-29: 99%, 30-49: 99%, 50-64: 96%, 65+: 90%.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 96.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-life-expectancy", "panel": "day", "label": "Life expectancy at birth, 2024", "value": "76.5 male, 81.4 female (79.0 total)", "unit": "years", "source": "nchs-nvss", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS Data Brief No. 548 (Jan 2026), final 2024 mortality data. Male: 76.5 (up 0.7 from 75.8 in 2023). Female: 81.4 (up 0.3 from 81.1 in 2023). Total 79.0 (up 0.4 from 78.6 in 2023). The 2020-21 COVID decline (78.8 -> 76.1) has fully recovered and exceeded the pre-pandemic level. For cross-decade comparison: 1900-02: 48.2M/51.1F; 1939-41: 62.8M/67.3F; 1949-51: 66.3M/72.0F; 1960: 66.6M/73.1F (white).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2024, "basis": null, "quantity": 79.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-married-women-lfpr", "panel": "day", "label": "Married women's labor force participation, 2021", "value": "56.9%", "unit": "% of married women (spouse present) in the civilian labor force", "source": "bls-womens-databook", "tier": "A", "notes": "Population-level labor-force participation of married women. The rate includes employment and unemployment, and does not identify the number of earners in a particular family. These figures alone do not separate demographic composition changes from changes within groups.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 56.9 }, { "id": "us-2020s-median-age-first-marriage", "panel": "day", "label": "Median age at first marriage, 2023", "value": "Men: 30.2, Women: 28.4", "unit": "years (median age at first marriage)", "source": "census-table-ms2", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census Table MS-2. CPS ASEC. Men crossed 30 for the first time in the series — up from 22.8 in 1950. Women at 28.4, up from 20.3. The composite four-person family now forms 8 years later than at mid-century. Same-sex marriages included starting 2019. This is why the 2020s room notes the median household is no longer this family — the four-person married-couple household with young children is no longer the statistical norm.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 30.2 }, { "id": "us-2020s-median-gross-rent", "panel": "home", "label": "Median gross rent, 2024", "value": "$1,487/month", "unit": "USD, nominal (median gross rent, specified renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent)", "source": "census-acs-gross-rent", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ACS Table B25064, 2024 1-year estimates (Census API). Up from $855 in 2010. The renter half of the housing story: rents rose faster than incomes in the 2020s. Arc: $602 (2000) → $855 (2010) → $1,097 (2019) → $1,487 (2024).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 1487.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-median-home-size", "panel": "home", "label": "Median square footage of new single-family homes, 2024", "value": "2,146 sq ft (new construction)", "unit": "median square feet of floor area, new single-family houses completed", "source": "census-soc-new-housing", "tier": "A", "notes": "From the Census Bureau's Survey of Construction (Characteristics of New Housing, annual data, released 2026-07-01). Median floor area of new single-family houses completed in 2024: 2,146 sq ft, down from a 2022 peak of 2,299 sq ft as builders responded to higher interest rates by building smaller homes. This is new construction only; the existing stock median is 1,500 sq ft (AHS 2023).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "dwelling-size-metric" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 2146.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-median-home-value", "panel": "home", "label": "Median home value, 2024 (ACS)", "value": "$360,600", "unit": "USD, nominal (median value of owner-occupied housing units)", "source": "census-acs", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census ACS 1-Year Estimates, Table B25077 (Median value of owner-occupied housing units), 2024. Margin of error: ±$618. Time series: $179,900 (2010), $181,200 (2014), $240,500 (2019), $360,600 (2024) — doubled in 14 years. For comparison: $7,354 in 1950 (Tier C).", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "dwelling-size-metric" ], "amount_minor": 36060000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 2024, "basis": "total", "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2020s-median-income-all-families", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, all families, 2024", "value": "$105,800", "unit": "USD per year, nominal, money income before tax", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Table F-8 (All Races), row 10. CPS money income, as of March 2025 (2024 ASEC). This is the most recent available data.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization" ], "amount_minor": 10580000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 2024, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 105800.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-median-income-four-person", "panel": "budget", "label": "Median family income, four-person families, 2024", "value": "$139,900", "unit": "USD per year, nominal, money income before tax", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Table F-8 (All Races), 'Families with Four People' section, row 259. The 4-person family median is higher than the all-family median because smaller families (2-person) pull the all-family median down.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "four-person-normalization", "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization" ], "amount_minor": 13990000, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 2024, "basis": "annual", "quantity": 139900.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-median-net-worth", "panel": "day", "label": "Median family net worth, 2022", "value": "$192,900 (192.9 thousand, 2022 dollars)", "unit": "median net worth, all families (SCF)", "source": "fed-scf", "tier": "A", "notes": "From SCF 2022 Bulletin (scf23.pdf, October 2023, Table 2). 2022 survey, in 2022 dollars. Up 37% from 2019 ($141,100 in 2022 dollars) — the largest 3-year increase in SCF history. Driven by surging home values and stock market gains. This is the highest median family net worth in the SCF series. Note: 2022 dollars, not directly comparable to 2016-dollar SCF Chartbook figures for earlier years.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 192.9 }, { "id": "us-2020s-nhe-gdp-share-arc", "panel": "table", "label": "Healthcare's share of GDP: 1960 vs 2024", "value": "5.0% (1960) → 18.0% (2024) — healthcare's GDP share more than tripled", "unit": "NHE as % of GDP", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 01. In 1960, healthcare was 5% of GDP; by 2024, it was 18% — nearly one-fifth of all economic output. The steepest jumps: 1970s (6.9→8.9%), 1990s (8.9→12.1%), 2000s (13.3→17.2%). Key drivers: Medicare/Medicaid (1965), medical technology, prescription drug spending, aging population.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 18.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-nhe-medicaid", "panel": "table", "label": "Medicaid spending, 2024", "value": "$931,692 million (17.6% of NHE); Federal $596,694M, State/Local $334,998M", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Medicaid total: $931,692M. Federal: $596,694M. State/Local: $334,998M. Up from $5,290M in 1970. Federal share grew from 53.7% (1970) to 64.0% (2024).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 931692.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-nhe-medicare", "panel": "table", "label": "Medicare spending, 2024", "value": "$1,118,000 million (21.2% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Medicare: $1,118,000M of $5,278,588M total. Up from $7,672M in 1970 — a 146x increase in nominal terms. Medicare now covers ~22% of all health spending.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 1118000.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-nhe-out-of-pocket-share", "panel": "budget", "label": "Out-of-pocket share of health spending, 2024", "value": "10.5% of national health expenditures paid out of pocket", "unit": "% of total NHE", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Out of pocket: $556,554M of $5,278,588M total. Down from 47.1% in 1960 — the share of health spending paid directly by families fell by more than three-quarters over six decades.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 10.5 }, { "id": "us-2020s-nhe-per-capita", "panel": "table", "label": "National health spending per person, 2024", "value": "$15,474 per capita ($13,222 for personal health care)", "unit": "USD per person, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 01 (NHE24_Summary.csv). NHE per capita: $15,474. Personal Health Care per capita: $13,222. Population: 341M. From $146 (1960) to $15,474 (2024) — a 106x increase in nominal terms.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 15474.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-nhe-prescription-drugs", "panel": "table", "label": "Prescription drug spending, 2024", "value": "$466,968 million (8.8% of NHE)", "unit": "USD millions, nominal", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 02 (NHE2024.csv). Prescription drugs: $466,968M of $5,278,588M total. Up from $2,676M in 1960 — a 174x increase. The 2000s saw the largest jump ($122B→$253B) after Medicare Part D (2006).", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 466968.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-nhe-total", "panel": "table", "label": "Healthcare spending, 2024", "value": "$5,278.6 billion (18.0% of GDP)", "unit": "USD billions, nominal; NHE as % of GDP", "source": "cms-nhe", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CMS NHE Table 01 (NHE24_Summary.csv). NHE: $5,278.6B. GDP: $29,298.0B. Per capita: $15,474. Healthcare now consumes nearly one-fifth of GDP. From 5% in 1960 to 18% in 2024 — healthcare's share of the economy tripled.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 18.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-number-of-families", "panel": "budget", "label": "Number of families in the United States, 2024", "value": "85,980,000", "unit": "families", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Table F-8, all families, row 10. CPS estimate as of March 2025.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 85980000.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-phone-vehicle-diffusion", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Phone service and vehicle access, 2023 (AHS)", "value": "Cell phone 92.7%, landline 20.1%, garage/carport 67.6%", "unit": "percent of 133.2M occupied units", "source": "census-ahs", "tier": "A", "notes": "From AHS 2023 National Table 2 (Rooms, Size, and Amenities). Cell phone available: 123,462K (92.7%). Landline available: 26,749K (20.1%) — landline has become a secondary channel. Garage or carport: 90,044K (67.6%). No complete bathroom: only 135K units (0.1%). For comparison with 1950: telephone was not asked in the 1950 Census (added 1960); automobile was also not asked (added 1960). The 1950 Census did ask about radio (95.6%), TV (12.3%), refrigerator (80.0%).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 92.7 }, { "id": "us-2020s-poverty-rate", "panel": "budget", "label": "Official poverty rate, 2024", "value": "10.6% (35.9 million people)", "unit": "% of U.S. population below official poverty threshold", "source": "census-p60-287", "tier": "A", "notes": "From Census P-60 No. 287 (Sep 2025). Official poverty rate: 10.6% (down from 11.1% in 2023). 35.9M people in poverty. Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM): 12.9% (unchanged from 2023). For families: married-couple 3.5%, female-householder 18.6%. The official poverty threshold for a 4-person family with 2 children was ~$32,000 in 2024.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 10.6 }, { "id": "us-2020s-smoking-prevalence", "panel": "table", "label": "Adult cigarette smoking prevalence, 2020", "value": "12.5% of adults smoked (14.1% of men, 11.0% of women)", "unit": "% of adults ≥18 who currently smoke (NHIS)", "source": "cdc-nhis-smoking-prevalence", "tier": "A", "notes": "From CDC NHIS (compiled by American Lung Association). Smoking prevalence fell below 15% for the first time. By 2025, preliminary CDC data showed 9.1% — the lowest ever recorded. The gap between male and female smoking continued to narrow.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 12.5 }, { "id": "us-2020s-stroke-mortality", "panel": "table", "label": "Stroke age-adjusted death rate, 2024", "value": "38.6 per 100,000", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000 population", "source": "nchs-db548", "tier": "A", "notes": "From NCHS Data Brief No. 548 (Jan 2026). Down 79% from the 1950 rate of 180.7. Driven by hypertension control, statins, clot-busting drugs (tPA, 1996), and mechanical thrombectomy.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 38.6 }, { "id": "us-2020s-teen-birth-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Births per 1,000 women aged 15-19, 2020", "value": "15.0 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19", "unit": "live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19", "source": "nchs-nvsr-72-1", "tier": "A", "notes": "15.0 — a sixth of the 1960 rate, and lower than any figure NCHS has published for this measure. From Table 2 of Births: Final Data for 2021, because the Health, United States trend table does not reach 2020.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2020, "basis": null, "quantity": 15.0 }, { "id": "us-2020s-time-use", "panel": "day", "label": "How Americans spend their day, 2024 (ATUS)", "value": "Sleeping 9.04 hrs, working 3.13 hrs (men 3.56, women 2.73), household activities 2.01 hrs (men 1.67, women 2.34)", "unit": "hours per day, civilian population (annual average)", "source": "bls-atus", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS American Time Use Survey, Table A-1 (2024 annual averages), a1-2024.pdf. Text layer extracted directly via pypdf — no OCR needed. 'Working' = 3.13 hrs (the narrower detailed activity; 'Working and work-related activities' = 3.43 hrs). 'Sleeping' = 9.04 hrs. 'Household activities' = 2.01 hrs (includes housework, food prep, lawn/garden). The 2025 table (a1-2025.pdf) also exists but is not used: the room's income/wage anchors are 2024, and a 2025 time-use fact would sit ahead of every comparison denominator.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2020s-traffic-death-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Road deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles, 2020", "value": "1.34 deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "unit": "deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "source": "fhwa-fi200-2023", "tier": "A", "notes": "The pandemic year. Travel collapsed but deaths did not fall with it, so the rate rose to 1.34 — its highest since 2007.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2020, "basis": null, "quantity": 1.34 }, { "id": "us-2020s-tv-watching-decline", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Percent of population watching TV, 2024", "value": "72.8% of population watched TV on an average day (2024), down from 78.8% in 2003", "unit": "% of population watching TV on an average day", "source": "bls-atus", "tier": "A", "notes": "From BLS American Time Use Survey, Table A-1 (2024 annual averages). The decline from 78.8% (2003) to 72.8% (2024) reflects cord-cutting and the shift to streaming and online video. Average daily TV watching time declined from 2.58 hrs (2003) to 2.60 hrs (2024), having peaked at 2.82 hrs in 2009. By 2017, ~411 million mobile wireless connections existed (FCC 18-181).", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 72.8 }, { "id": "us-2020s-vehicle-ownership", "panel": "diffusion", "label": "Households with at least one vehicle, 2023", "value": "91.5% (8.5% with no vehicle)", "unit": "% of occupied households", "source": "census-acs-vehicle", "tier": "A", "notes": "From ACS Table B25045 (latest 5-year estimates via Census Reporter). 132.7M households total. No vehicle: 11.3M (8.5%). Owner-occupied no-vehicle: 2.88M (3.3% of owners). Renter-occupied no-vehicle: 8.43M (18.3% of renters). Vehicle access tracks tenure and income — car-free households are concentrated in dense urban areas and among renters.", "assumptions": [], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 91.5 }, { "id": "us-2020s-week-of-work-buys", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "What a week of work bought, 2024", "value": "$1,015.04/week — a full year of it (×52) ≈ 50% of median family income", "unit": "weekly earnings vs annual median family income", "source": "fred-ahetpi", "tier": "A", "notes": "Computed: $30.12 per hour × 33.7 weekly hours = $1,015.04, using total-private production and nonsupervisory employees for both operands. Assuming 52 paid weeks gives $52,782.08, or 49.9% of the all-family median income of $105,800. These describe separate worker and family populations; the ratio does not measure household needs, sufficiency, or the number of family earners. The former value mixed total-private wages with manufacturing hours and has been withdrawn.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": null }, { "id": "us-2020s-weekly-hours-manufacturing", "panel": "day", "label": "Average weekly hours, manufacturing production workers, 2024", "value": "40.7", "unit": "hours per week", "source": "fred-awhman", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted BLS observations for 2024, retrieved 2026-09-07. Rounded once to the displayed precision; each month/year and the series identifier are guarded by the audit.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 40.7 }, { "id": "us-2020s-weekly-hours-total-private", "panel": "day", "label": "Average weekly hours, total private production and nonsupervisory employees, 2024", "value": "33.7", "unit": "hours per week", "source": "fred-awhnonag", "tier": "A", "notes": "Arithmetic mean of twelve monthly seasonally adjusted CES0500000007 observations in 2024, retrieved 2026-09-07. This population matches the hourly earnings anchor.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": null, "basis": null, "quantity": 33.7 }, { "id": "us-2020s-workplace-death-rate", "panel": "day", "label": "Deaths at work per 100,000 workers, 2020", "value": "3.4 fatal work injuries per 100,000 full-time-equivalent workers", "unit": "fatal work injuries per 100,000 full-time-equivalent workers", "source": "bls-cfoi-hours-based-rates", "tier": "A", "notes": "The pandemic year. The rate rose to 3.7 by 2022 before easing to 3.3 in 2024, the joint-lowest figure in the series.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family" ], "amount_minor": null, "currency": "", "price_year": 2020, "basis": null, "quantity": 3.4 } ], "derived": [ { "id": "us-2020s-car-price-2024-estimate", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Average new car transaction price, 2024 (CPI-inflated estimate)", "unit": "USD, nominal (estimated from 2020 BEA base x new-vehicles CPI)", "op": "inflate", "numerator": "us-2020s-car-price", "denominator": "", "precision": 0, "notes": "The BEA transaction-price series ends in 2020. This estimate inflates the 2020 base ($27,366) to 2024 using the BLS CPI for new vehicles (CUUR0000SETA01): 147.600 (2020) -> 177.886 (2024). The result excludes pickups/vans/SUVs, so it sits well below the ~$47,000 industry all-vehicle average.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values", "cpi-inflation-of-base-price" ], "inflate_series": "cpi-new-vehicles", "inflate_from_year": 2020, "inflate_to_year": 2024, "count_series": [], "threshold": null, "at_year": null, "value": "≈ $32,981", "computed_value": 32981.22138211382, "computed_amount_minor": 3298122.138211382, "computed_currency": "USD", "tier": "A", "inflation": { "series_id": "cpi-new-vehicles", "from": { "year": 2020, "value": 147.6 }, "to": { "year": 2024, "value": 177.886 } } }, { "id": "us-2020s-home-as-income-years", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Median home value as years of median family income, 2024", "unit": "years of four-person median family income", "op": "ratio", "numerator": "us-2020s-median-home-value", "denominator": "us-2020s-median-income-four-person", "precision": 2, "notes": "Both inputs Tier A (ACS B25077 home value; Census F-8 four-person income). Modestly above the 1950 ratio (see us-1950s-home-as-income-years) — but the composition shifted: mortgage rates, property taxes, and home size all changed, so 'years of income' understates the difference in monthly carrying cost. An earlier hand-authored version used a ~$420,000 home value from a secondary source; the ACS figure is lower.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values", "affordability-normalization", "hours-vs-income-denominator" ], "inflate_series": "", "inflate_from_year": 0, "inflate_to_year": 0, "count_series": [], "threshold": null, "at_year": null, "value": "≈ 2.58", "computed_value": 2.577555396711937, "computed_amount_minor": null, "computed_currency": null, "tier": "A", "inflation": null }, { "id": "us-2020s-produce-variety-count", "panel": "table", "label": "Fresh-produce commodities at a pound or more per person, 2020", "unit": "of the fresh-produce commodities ERS tracked that year", "op": "count_above", "numerator": "", "denominator": "", "precision": 1, "notes": "Every fresh fruit and vegetable commodity sheet in the two ERS fresh workbooks, counted when the food supply provided at least a full pound per person that year, farm weight. The total is the commodities ERS tracked that year: series that had not yet begun or had already ended are outside the count, so a widening record cannot masquerade as rising variety. Availability is a disappearance estimate — what the supply made available, not what anyone ate; the rule and its rationale are in the assumption ledger (produce-variety-rule).", "assumptions": [ "produce-variety-rule", "composite-family" ], "inflate_series": "", "inflate_from_year": 0, "inflate_to_year": 0, "count_series": [ "us-availability-apples", "us-availability-apricots", "us-availability-artichokes", "us-availability-asparagus", "us-availability-avocados", "us-availability-bananas", "us-availability-bell-peppers", "us-availability-blueberries", "us-availability-broccoli", "us-availability-brussels-sprouts", "us-availability-cabbage", "us-availability-cantaloupe", "us-availability-carrots", "us-availability-cauliflower", "us-availability-celery", "us-availability-collards", "us-availability-cucumbers", "us-availability-eggplant", "us-availability-escarole", "us-availability-garlic", "us-availability-grapefruit", "us-availability-grapes", "us-availability-head-lettuce", "us-availability-honeydew", "us-availability-kale", "us-availability-kiwifruit", "us-availability-lemons", "us-availability-lima-beans", "us-availability-limes", "us-availability-mangoes", "us-availability-mushrooms", "us-availability-mustard-greens", "us-availability-okra", "us-availability-onions", "us-availability-oranges", "us-availability-papayas", "us-availability-peaches", "us-availability-pears", "us-availability-pineapples", "us-availability-potatoes", "us-availability-pumpkin", "us-availability-radishes", "us-availability-raspberries", "us-availability-romaine", "us-availability-snap-beans", "us-availability-spinach", "us-availability-squash", "us-availability-strawberries", "us-availability-sweet-corn", "us-availability-sweet-potatoes", "us-availability-tangerines", "us-availability-tomatoes", "us-availability-turnip-greens", "us-availability-watermelon" ], "threshold": 1.0, "at_year": 2020, "value": "41 of 52", "computed_value": 41.0, "computed_amount_minor": null, "computed_currency": null, "tier": "A", "inflation": null }, { "id": "us-2020s-purchasing-power-comparison", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Purchasing power: 1950 vs 2024", "unit": "CPI-U ratio (313.7 / 24.1)", "op": "quantity_ratio", "numerator": "us-2020s-cpi", "denominator": "us-1950s-cpi", "precision": 2, "notes": "Same computation as the 1950s room: 2024 CPI (313.7) / 1950 CPI (24.1) = 13.02. The median family income rose from $3,319 to $105,800 — a factor of 31.9, far exceeding inflation (13.0x). Real median family income approximately tripled. Cross-room derived fact: denominator is in the 1950s room.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "inflate_series": "", "inflate_from_year": 0, "inflate_to_year": 0, "count_series": [], "threshold": null, "at_year": null, "value": "≈ 13.02", "computed_value": 13.016597510373442, "computed_amount_minor": null, "computed_currency": null, "tier": "A", "inflation": null }, { "id": "us-2020s-real-income-growth", "panel": "work-buys", "label": "Real median family income growth, 1950-2024", "unit": "real (CPI-adjusted) median family income", "op": "ratio", "numerator": "us-2020s-median-income-all-families", "denominator": "us-1950s-all-family-income-real-2024", "precision": 1, "notes": "From Table F-8's own 2024-dollar column (C-CPI-U-RS adjusted): 1950 all-family median = $35,290 in 2024 dollars vs 2024 median = $105,800, a factor of 3.0. Alternative deflator: using raw CPI-U (CPIAUCNS, 13.02x per us-2020s-purchasing-power-comparison) gives $3,319 x 13.02 = $43,236, a factor of 2.4x — CPI-U-RS corrects known overstatement of early inflation, so the published 3.0x is primary. Cross-room derived fact: denominator is in the 1950s room. CORRECTION 2026-07-07: this fact previously displayed '3.1x ($25,633 -> $79,490)', figures traceable to no source in the registry.", "assumptions": [ "composite-family", "nominal-values" ], "inflate_series": "", "inflate_from_year": 0, "inflate_to_year": 0, "count_series": [], "threshold": null, "at_year": null, "value": "≈ 3.0", "computed_value": 2.998016435250779, "computed_amount_minor": null, "computed_currency": null, "tier": "A", "inflation": null }, { "id": "us-2020s-weekly-earnings", "panel": "day", "label": "Implied average weekly earnings, total private production and nonsupervisory employees, 2024", "unit": "USD per week, nominal (computed: hourly rate x weekly hours)", "op": "product", "numerator": "us-2020s-hourly-earnings", "denominator": "us-2020s-weekly-hours-total-private", "precision": 2, "notes": "Product of the rounded annual-average hourly rate and weekly hours for the same total-private production and nonsupervisory worker population. This illustration is not the official weekly earnings series, which is calculated from monthly observations.", "assumptions": [ "nominal-values" ], "inflate_series": "", "inflate_from_year": 0, "inflate_to_year": 0, "count_series": [], "threshold": null, "at_year": null, "value": "≈ $1,015.04", "computed_value": 1015.0440000000001, "computed_amount_minor": 101504.40000000001, "computed_currency": "USD", "tier": "A", "inflation": null } ] } ], "sources": [ { "id": "acs-cancer-facts-figures-2024", "title": "American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures 2024", "publisher": "American Cancer Society", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2024/2024-cancer-facts-and-figures-acs.pdf", "population": "U.S. cancer patients (SEER-based estimates with ACS analysis)", "notes": "Key statement: 'The 5-year relative survival rate for all cancers combined has increased substantially since the early 1960s, from 39% to 69% among White people.' Pre-SEER figure derives from NCI End Results Group (1956-72).", "short_cite": "American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures 2024", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "bea-new-car-price", "title": "Average Transaction Price per New Car (Domestic and Import), 1970-2020", "publisher": "U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis", "year": 2021, "url": "https://tedb.ornl.gov/data/", "population": "All new passenger cars sold in the United States (domestic and import), excluding pickups, vans, and SUVs", "notes": "Compiled in Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Transportation Energy Data Book, Edition 40, Table 11.13. Data are based on an average car and do not include prices for pickups, vans, or sport utility vehicles. Annual average transaction prices in current dollars. Total (domestic + import) current-dollar prices: 1970 $3,543, 1980 $7,557, 1990 $15,033, 2000 $21,030, 2010 $24,907, 2020 $27,366.", "short_cite": "U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Average Transaction Price per New Car (ORNL TEDB Table 11.13)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "bls-1918-cost-of-living", "title": "Changes in Cost of Living 1914-1919 (Monthly Labor Review, August 1919)", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics", "year": 1919, "url": "https://archive.org/stream/changesincostofl00bure/changesincostofl00bure_djvu.txt", "population": "Families of wage-earners in shipbuilding centers + 13 large cities — NOT a national median", "notes": "Kept for potential 1910s-room use — the existing 1910s room cites bls-bulletin-49-1903 instead. Conducted during WWI, prices and availability distorted by wartime. FRASER: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/monthly-labor-review-6130/august-1919-604874/fulltext. Digitized microdata: ICPSR 8299, 'Cost of Living in the United States, 1917-1919' (BLS 1986) — Tier B potential with ICPSR access.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "bls-1935-consumer-purchases", "title": "Consumer Expenditures in the United States: Estimates for 1935-36 (Study of Consumer Purchases)", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics / NBER", "year": 1939, "url": "https://archive.org/stream/consumerexpendit1939unitrich/consumerexpendit1939unitrich_djvu.txt", "population": "Urban and rural families in 42 cities + 66 rural areas — broadest pre-war survey but NOT a national median", "notes": "Covered ~300,000 families. FRASER: 'Family Expenditures in Selected Cities, 1935-36' (Bulletin No. 648) at https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/family-expenditures-selected-cities-1935-36-4161. Digitized microdata: ICPSR 8908 (Tier B potential). NBER chapters use this data.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "bls-api", "title": "BLS Public Data API v2", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics", "year": 2024, "url": "https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v2/timeseries/data/", "population": "Depends on series (CPI: all urban consumers; food prices: urban consumers)", "notes": "Direct API access to BLS time series. Used for: average food prices (APU series), CPI-U (CUUR0000SA0), wage and hours data. API key registered. Food price series (APU) available from ~1970s onward — no 1950 data. Rate limit: 100 queries/day for registered users.", "short_cite": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Public Data API", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "bls-atus", "title": "American Time Use Survey (ATUS)", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.bls.gov/tus/", "population": "Civilian noninstitutionalized population age 15+", "notes": "Started 2003, annual. Covers work hours, commute time, daily activities. Primary source for the 'day' panel from 2000s onward. BLS 403-blocks automated requests — URL valid, access via browser. Tables used: 2010 annual averages (a1_2010.pdf, a2_2010.pdf) for the 2010s room; 2024 annual averages (a1-2024.pdf) for the 2020s room. The survey year in fact labels identifies which annual average is cited.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "bls-bulletin-1055-1952", "title": "Retail Prices of Food, 1950: Including Historical Tables of Item Indexes, 1939-50", "publisher": "U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics", "year": 1952, "url": "https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/retail-prices-food-1950-4182", "population": "56 large U.S. cities (retail price survey)", "notes": "Annual average retail prices for ~40 principal food items in 1950, by month and by city. Historical item indexes 1939-50. Text layer is machine-readable (extracted via pymupdf). Prices in cents per pound/quart/dozen.", "short_cite": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin No. 1055", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "bls-bulletin-1312-12", "title": "Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, 1909-84, Volume II: Establishment Survey Data", "publisher": "U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics", "year": 1985, "url": "https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/employment-hours-earnings-united-states-1909-84-establishment-survey-data-5745", "population": "Production and nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls", "notes": "BLS benchmark publication. Volume II (Establishment Survey Data), page 287: 'Average Hourly Earnings of Production or Nonsupervisory Workers on Private Nonagricultural Payrolls, TOTAL PRIVATE, in Current Dollars.' Annual averages: 1947: $1.131, 1948: $1.225, 1949: $1.275, 1950: $1.335, 1960: $2.09, 1970: $3.23. Digitized by FRASER. This is the predecessor series to FRED AHETPI (which begins 1964).", "short_cite": "BLS Bulletin 1312-12 (March 1985)", "measure": "hourly_earnings", "expect": [] }, { "id": "bls-bulletin-49-1903", "title": "BLS Bulletin No. 49: Cost of Living and Retail Prices of Food (18th Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor)", "publisher": "U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Labor", "year": 1903, "url": "https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/annual-report-commissioner-labor-6306/eighteenth-annual-report-commissioner-labor-608452", "population": "2,567 wage-earner families in 33 states, head earning <=$1,200/year, year 1901", "notes": "Primary source for 1900s room. Average income $827.19, average expenditure $768.54, food $326.90 (42.54%). Rent 12.95%, clothing 14.04%, fuel and light 5.25%. Average family size 5.31. NOTE: the University of Missouri guide cited average income as $749 — the primary source says $827.19. The $749 figure is WRONG; this is the correct figure from the report itself. File: bls_v08_0049_1903.pdf (268 pages, text-extractable via pdftotext).", "short_cite": "U.S. Bureau of Labor, Bulletin No. 49 (1903)", "measure": "survey_family_income", "expect": [] }, { "id": "bls-cex", "title": "Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX)", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.bls.gov/cex/", "population": "Consumer units (households) in the civilian noninstitutionalized population", "notes": "Continuous since 1980 (Interview + Diary surveys). Earlier surveys: 1960-61, 1972-73. Historical predecessors date to Commissioner of Labor surveys. FRASER has 1980-81 and 1982-83 reports. BLS 403-blocks automated requests — URL valid, access via browser.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "bls-cex-four-person-1985", "title": "Consumer Expenditure Survey, Table 4: Size of consumer unit, 1985, four-person column", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics", "year": 1985, "url": "https://www.bls.gov/cex/tables.htm", "population": "Four-person consumer units, Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1985", "notes": "Archived cusize-1985.pdf and its layout-preserving text extraction. The four-person column is distinct from the all-consumer-unit column. Published means are rounded; calculated shares are ratios of the cited means. The linked table index is not a direct historical-file verification.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "bls-cex-four-person-1996", "title": "Consumer Expenditure Survey, Table 4: Size of consumer unit, 1996, four-person column", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics", "year": 1996, "url": "https://www.bls.gov/cex/tables.htm", "population": "Four-person consumer units, Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1996", "notes": "Archived cusize-1996.pdf and its layout-preserving text extraction. The four-person column is distinct from the all-consumer-unit column. Published means are rounded; calculated shares are ratios of the cited means. The linked table index is not a direct historical-file verification.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "bls-cex-four-person-2024-aggregate", "title": "Table 1400. Size of consumer unit: Shares of annual aggregate expenditures and sources of income, 2024", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.bls.gov/cex/tables.htm", "population": "Four-person consumer units, represented as shares of national aggregate spending, 2024", "notes": "Archived cu-size-2024.xlsx is the aggregate-share variant. Its rounded shares cannot verify precise within-budget shares or dollar means. The annual-means variant was not accessible to the automated retrieval on 2026-09-07. Retained to document the verification gap, not to certify the withdrawn figures.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "bls-cex-lowest-quintile-2012", "title": "Consumer Expenditure Survey, Table 1101: Quintiles of income before taxes, 2012", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics", "year": 2012, "url": "https://www.bls.gov/cex/tables.htm", "population": "Consumer units in the lowest quintile of income before taxes, 2012", "notes": "Archived cu-income-quintiles-before-taxes-2012.xlsx, lowest20percent column, Mean rows. Ratio of expenditure and income means; does not describe every unit individually.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "bls-cfoi-hours-based-rates", "title": "Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries: hours-based fatal work injury rates, 2006-2024", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities program", "year": 2025, "url": "https://www.bls.gov/iif/fatal-injuries-tables.htm", "population": "All US workers, employed and self-employed, measured against total hours worked as estimated by the Current Population Survey — not employed persons, which was the pre-2006 denominator", "notes": "Transcribed from the nineteen per-year workbooks this page links (fatal-occupational-injuries-hours-based-rates-YYYY.xlsx, 2006-2024), Total row, 'Fatal injury rate' column. The workbooks' column layout changes three times across the span, so the extraction locates that column by header text; a fixed index silently reads total hours as the rate for 2017 and 2018. Values cross-checked against the data labels on the rate chart in the archived CFOI charts package (1992-2017): all twelve overlapping years reproduce exactly. Rate = (fatal work injuries / total hours worked) x 200,000,000, the base for 100,000 full-time equivalents. Two limits are structural, not archival: CFOI has covered all 50 states and DC only since 1992, so no federal census of workplace deaths exists before then; and BLS moved the rate from an employment basis to an hours basis in 2006, so earlier rates measure something else and are not chained here. NOTE ON THE LINK CHECK: bls.gov returns 403 to clients whose User-Agent carries no contact address, so CI reports this source as bot-blocked and its expect-markers are NOT verified there — they were verified locally on 2026-09-01 against the served page.", "short_cite": "BLS, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (hours-based rates)", "measure": null, "expect": [ "Fatal injury rates (hours-based)", "Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries" ] }, { "id": "bls-cpi", "title": "Consumer Price Index (CPI)", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.bls.gov/cpi/", "population": "All Urban Consumers (CPI-U)", "notes": "BLS CPI homepage. Historical data and supplemental files at https://www.bls.gov/cpi/tables/supplemental-files/. BLS 403-blocks automated requests — URL valid, access via browser. Historical article: https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2014/article/one-hundred-years-of-price-change-the-consumer-price-index-and-the-american-inflation-experience.htm", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "bls-cpi-new-vehicles", "title": "Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: New Vehicles (CUUR0000SETA01)", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics", "year": 2024, "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CUUR0000SETA01", "population": "All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), U.S. city average, new vehicles", "notes": "Kept for CPI inflation — used to CPI-inflate the BEA 2020 car-price base to 2024 (Plan 012 WI-1). Not seasonally adjusted. Coverage: 1935-present, monthly. Annual averages computed as the mean of 12 monthly values.", "short_cite": "BLS CPI-U, New Vehicles (CUUR0000SETA01)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "bls-womens-databook", "title": "Women in the Labor Force: A Databook", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics", "year": 2022, "url": "https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/womens-databook/2022/", "population": "U.S. civilian noninstitutional population 16+, by sex and marital status (CPS annual averages)", "notes": "BLS periodic report compiling CPS labor force data for women by marital status, age, race, parental status, and occupation. The databook's Table 4/5 series show 'married women, spouse present' labor force participation rates. Editions: 2017 (Report 1063, covers 2016 data), 2022 (Report 1080, covers 2021 data). The underlying data is from the CPS (same as statab-lfpr-marital), but the databook is the primary publication for post-2009 marital-status LFPR figures.", "short_cite": "BLS, Women in the Labor Force: A Databook", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "bts-vehicle-availability", "title": "Share of Households by Vehicles Available: 1960-2023 (BTS Figure 2-7)", "publisher": "U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.bts.gov/browse-statistical-products-and-data/info-gallery/share-household-vehicles-available-1960-2023", "population": "All U.S. occupied housing units", "notes": "Data compiled by BTS from U.S. Census Bureau Decennial Census (1960-2000) and American Community Survey (2010-2023). Table B08201 (Household Size by Vehicles Available). Excel file: F2-7 Share of Household by Vehicle Available.xlsx. Figures verified against the Census Bureau source data. The 1960-2000 data are from the decennial census long form; 2010+ from ACS. The concept is consistent across the span: '% of occupied housing units with N vehicles available.'", "short_cite": "U.S. DOT, BTS, 2024 Transportation Statistics Annual Report, Figure 2-7", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "cdc-mmwr-infant-mortality", "title": "Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Healthier Mothers and Babies (MMWR Vol. 48, No. 38)", "publisher": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", "year": 1999, "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4838a2.htm", "population": "U.S. resident population (birth and death certificates)", "notes": "CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report article summarizing 20th-century declines in infant and maternal mortality. Key data: 1900 infant mortality ~100 per 1,000 live births; 1997 rate 7.2 per 1,000. Total decline 1915-1997: >90%. Includes Table 1 with percentage reductions by decade period. Also reports 1997 infant deaths: 28,045.", "short_cite": "CDC, MMWR 48(38), 1999", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "cdc-mmwr-tobacco-surveillance", "title": "Surveillance for Selected Tobacco-Use Behaviors -- United States, 1900-1994", "publisher": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)", "year": 1994, "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00033881.htm", "population": "U.S. adults ≥18 years (NHIS) and total U.S. cigarette consumption (USDA)", "notes": "MMWR Surveillance Summary Vol. 43 No. SS-3. Table 1: per capita cigarette consumption 1900-1994 from USDA Economic Research Service (based on BATF tax data, imports, Census population). Table 2: adult smoking prevalence 1965-1991 from NHIS. Per capita = cigarettes per adult ≥18 per year.", "short_cite": "CDC MMWR Surveillance Summary, Tobacco Use 1900-1994", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "cdc-nhis-smoking-prevalence", "title": "National Health Interview Survey: Adult Cigarette Smoking Prevalence, 1965-2022", "publisher": "National Center for Health Statistics (CDC)", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.lung.org/research/trends-in-lung-disease/tobacco-trends-brief/data-tables/ad-cig-smoke-rate-sex-race-age", "population": "U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized adults ≥18 years (NHIS household interview survey)", "notes": "NHIS data 1965-2022. Pre-1997 from published NCHS Series 10 reports; 1997-2022 from ALA analysis of NHIS public-use files using SPSS. Current smoker defined as smoked ≥100 cigarettes and currently smoking every day or some days. 2025 preliminary: 9.1% (CDC FastStats). Survey redesign in 1997 means pre/post may not be directly comparable.", "short_cite": "CDC NCHS, NHIS Adult Smoking Prevalence (compiled by American Lung Association)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "cdc-tobacco-consumption-2000", "title": "Adult Tobacco Consumption in the U.S., 2000-Present", "publisher": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)", "year": 2024, "url": "https://data.cdc.gov/CDC/Adult-Tobacco-Consumption-In-The-U-S-2000-Present/rnvb-cpxx", "population": "U.S. adults ≥18 years (per capita consumption based on taxable removals)", "notes": "Dataset on data.cdc.gov. Annual per capita cigarette consumption 2000-2023 based on Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) taxable removals data and Census adult population estimates. Downloads as CSV via Socrata API.", "short_cite": "CDC, Adult Tobacco Consumption 2000-Present", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "cdc-trends-cig-smoking", "title": "Trends in Current Cigarette Smoking Among High School Students and Adults, United States, 1965-2014", "publisher": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)", "year": 2014, "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20181113075538id_/https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tables/trends/cig_smoking/index.htm", "population": "U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized adults 18+ (NHIS household interview survey)", "notes": "CDC/NCHS trends table, Adults column: % of adults who are current cigarette smokers, NHIS survey years only (sparse; blank cells are gaps). Current smoker defined as >=100 lifetime cigarettes and currently smoking. Page retired in the CDC site redesign, and the original address (www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tables/trends/cig_smoking/index.htm) is now a 404 — the citation therefore names the Internet Archive snapshot of 2018-11-13, which is what was actually transcribed and what a reader can actually reach. The snapshot was confirmed sha256-identical to the archived copy in samples/ on 2026-09-01. This 404 had been invisible: cdc.gov 403s browser-like agents, so the checker classified the dead link as merely bot-blocked until link_check gained its plain-agent retry. The 2006 adults cell reads 20.8 here; the American Lung Association compilation of the same NHIS (source cdc-nhis-smoking-prevalence) reads 20.6 — the difference is a compilation revision, disclosed rather than reconciled.", "short_cite": "CDC NCHS, Trends in Current Cigarette Smoking 1965-2014 (adults column)", "measure": null, "expect": [ "Trends in Current Cigarette Smoking" ] }, { "id": "census-acs", "title": "American Community Survey (ACS) 1-Year Estimates", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2024, "url": "https://data.census.gov/", "population": "All US households / occupied housing units (ACS 1-year national sample)", "notes": "Annual survey replacing the decennial long form (2005→). Used here for homeownership rate, median home value (B25077), house heating fuel (B25040). Distinct from the AHS (census-ahs): different sample, different sponsor, different questionnaire — do not conflate the two.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-acs-gross-rent", "title": "ACS Table B25064: Median Gross Rent", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2024, "url": "https://censusreporter.org/tables/B25064/", "population": "Renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent (ACS 1-year estimates)", "notes": "Median gross rent (USD/month): 2010 $855, 2015 $959, 2019 $1,097, 2022 $1,300, 2023 $1,406, 2024 $1,487. Retrieved via Census API (api.census.gov). Successor to the decennial Census of Housing gross rents series, which ends at 2000 ($602) — the long-form census question was replaced by the ACS.", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (B25064)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-acs-homevalue", "title": "ACS Table B25077: Median Value of Owner-Occupied Housing Units", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2024, "url": "https://censusreporter.org/tables/B25077/", "population": "Owner-occupied housing units (ACS 1-year estimates)", "notes": "Median home value: 2010 $179,900, 2014 $181,200, 2019 $240,500, 2024 $360,600. Retrieved via Census Reporter API.", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (B25077)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-acs-vehicle", "title": "ACS Table B25045: Tenure by Vehicles Available by Age of Householder", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2023, "url": "https://censusreporter.org/tables/B25045/", "population": "All occupied housing units in the United States", "notes": "Retrieved via Census Reporter API. 132.7M households: 91.5% with 1+ vehicles, 8.5% with no vehicle. Owner no-vehicle: 2.88M (3.3% of owners). Renter no-vehicle: 8.43M (18.3% of renters).", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (latest 5-year estimates)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-ahs", "title": "American Housing Survey (AHS)", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau (sponsored by HUD)", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html", "population": "U.S. housing units (national sample)", "notes": "Started 1973, biennial/annual. Tracks tenure, rooms, amenities (plumbing, kitchen, telephone, automobile in some years), housing costs. Table Creator: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs/data/interactive/ahstablecreator.html. Historical reports at HUDUser: https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/ahs/ahs_1999.pdf", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-cps-computer", "title": "Computer Use in the United States: October 1997 (CPS P20-522)", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 1999, "url": "https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/1999/demo/p20-522.pdf", "population": "Civilian noninstitutional population, households and adults 18+", "notes": "Current Population Survey (CPS) Computer Use Supplement, October 1997. By Eric C. Newburger. First CPS to include Internet questions. Household computer ownership: 8.2% (1984), 15.0% (1989), 22.8% (1993), 36.6% (1997). Table A: households with computers. Table C: adults 18+ by computer and Internet use.", "short_cite": "Census Bureau, P20-522, 1999", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-decennial-pubs", "title": "Census of Population and Housing — Decennial Publications", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www2.census.gov/prod2/www/decennial.html", "population": "All US housing units and residents (decennial census)", "notes": "Historical Census publications. Census of Housing 1940 was first to ask about amenities (plumbing, electricity, radio, refrigerator). Census 1930 asked about radio ownership — first census technology-diffusion question. Census 1950/1960 asked about TV, telephone, automobile, refrigerator, washing machine.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-f08-allraces", "title": "Census Historical Income Table F-8: Families by Size and Median and Mean Income (All Races)", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2025, "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/tables/time-series/historical-income-families/f08ar.xlsx", "population": "All US families by family size (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7+ persons), CPS money income", "notes": "Excel file (f08ar = All Races). The 4-person-family section is the primary source for the museum's family-of-four medians. Coverage window starts at 1947 — verify the 4-person column covers the full window. CORRECTION 2026-07-13: this source was registered with the f08a.xlsx URL, which is the ASIAN-families table (sections 'Asian Alone or in Combination'/'Asian Alone', 2002-2020 only); every transcribed value re-verified against the fetched f08ar.xlsx (All Families 2024 row 10: $105,800 median/$144,500 mean; 1950 row 86: $3,319 current/$35,290 in 2024$; Four People 2024 row 259: $139,900). Race variants: f08w (White), f08b (Black), f08h (Hispanic), f08wnh (White not Hispanic), f08a (Asian).", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, CPS Historical Income Tables (Table F-8)", "measure": "money_income", "expect": [ "Table F-8", "Size of Family--All Families" ] }, { "id": "census-hc5-02-1950", "title": "1950 Census of Housing: Series HC-5, No. 2 — Year Built, Household Equipment, and Cooking and Heating Fuel, for Dwelling Units in the United States: April 1, 1950", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau, Bureau of the Census", "year": 1951, "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/hc-5/hc-5-02.pdf", "population": "All U.S. dwelling units (preliminary sample data from 1950 Census of Housing, April 1, 1950)", "notes": "Preliminary sample data. Contains: year built, television, kitchen sink, electric lighting, radio, refrigeration equipment (mechanical/ice/other/none), cooking fuel, heating equipment, heating fuel. Urban/rural-nonfarm/rural-farm breakouts. Published June 10, 1951. 8-page scanned image PDF — text extracted via tesseract OCR at 400 DPI (pdftotext and pymupdf returned 0 chars because pages are scanned images). Sampling variability ~8% for some categories. 1940 comparison data included.", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, 1950 Census of Housing (HC-5, No. 2)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-hist-housing-fuels", "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2000, "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/coh-fuels.html", "population": "Occupied housing units reporting heating fuel (decennial census)", "notes": "Heating fuel data from 1940-1980 decennial census. Files: fuels1940.txt through fuels1980.txt at www2.census.gov. Coal dominated 1940 (55%), gas overtook by 1960 (43%), electricity rose from 0.7% (1950) to 18.4% (1980).", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-hist-housing-phone", "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: Telephones", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2000, "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/coh-phone.html", "population": "Occupied housing units (decennial census)", "notes": "Telephone in unit: 1960 78.5%, 1970 87.0%, 1980 92.9%, 1990 94.8%. Note: 1970 Census figure (87.0%) differs from Historical Statistics Vol 2 (90.5%) due to population definition (housing units vs households).", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Census of Housing Tables: Telephones", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-hist-housing-plumbing", "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: Plumbing", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2000, "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/coh-plumbing.html", "population": "All occupied housing units in the United States (decennial census)", "notes": "Complete plumbing = hot and cold piped water + flush toilet + bathtub/shower for exclusive use. Lacked complete plumbing (US row of plumbing-tab.txt, verified 2026-07-07): 1940 45.3%, 1950 35.5%, 1960 16.8%, 1970 6.9%, 1980 2.7%, 1990 1.1%. Exact data file: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/coh-plumbing/plumbing-tab.txt. The 1940 Census of Housing was the first to ask about plumbing.", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Census of Housing Tables: Plumbing", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-hist-housing-rents", "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: Gross Rents", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2000, "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/coh-grossrents.html", "population": "All specified renter-occupied housing units in the United States paying cash rent", "notes": "National and state median gross rent from the Census of Housing, 1940-2000. Files: grossrents-unadj.txt (nominal), grossrents-adj.txt (CPI-U-RS adjusted to 2000 dollars). Cross-verified against NHGIS national-level data (1980: $199 contract rent STF1, $243 gross rent STF4Hb; 1990: $447 FA4001 STF4b). URL CORRECTION 2026-07-28: the registered direct-PDF link (www2.census.gov .../housing/grossrents.pdf) 404s; repointed at the table's landing page, which links the same files.", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Census of Housing Tables: Gross Rents", "measure": null, "expect": [ "Historical Census of Housing Tables", "Gross Rents" ] }, { "id": "census-hist-income-families", "title": "Historical Income Tables: Families", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-income-families.html", "population": "All US families (two or more related persons), CPS money income", "notes": "Landing page listing Tables F-1 through F-23. Continuously updated. Last revision Sep 2025 (2024 data).", "short_cite": "", "measure": "money_income", "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-historical-housing-values", "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: Home Values (Unadjusted)", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2000, "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/coh-values/values-unadj.txt", "population": "Owner-occupied housing units, median value (decennial census, nominal/unadjusted dollars), U.S. and by state", "notes": "Median value of owner-occupied homes, unadjusted (nominal) dollars, decennial 1940-2000. National medians: 1940 $2,938; 1950 $7,354; 1960 $11,900; 1970 $17,000; 1980 $47,200; 1990 $79,100; 2000 $119,600. Companion to the Census homeownership history table (census-homeownership-historical); distinct table (values, not rates). Modern values (2010+) come from ACS B25077 (census-acs-homevalue).", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Census of Housing, Home Values", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-homeownership-historical", "title": "Homeownership Rate by State: 1900 to 2000", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2000, "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/census-housing-tables/owner.pdf", "population": "All U.S. occupied housing units (decennial census)", "notes": "Time series of homeownership rates from 1900 to 2000 by state and nationally. 1950 national rate: 55.0%. 1940: 43.6%. 1960: 61.9%. Also see companion table: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/census-housing-tables/ownerchar.pdf", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Homeownership Rates", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-manufactures-1905", "title": "Census of Manufactures, 1905: Part I", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 1907, "url": "https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/03421399v4ch6.pdf", "population": "Wage-earners in manufacturing establishments, United States", "notes": "1905 special Census of Manufactures. Part I, page lxxxix reports average weekly earnings by sex: men $11.16/week, women $6.17/week — a 55% gap. Women's earnings were $4.17 above the minimum and $4.90 below the maximum. Cited in 'Earnings of Wage-Earners' chapter (Census.gov PDF). Also confirmed by Hutchinson, 'Women's Wages' (archive.org) and Missouri Prices & Wages guide.", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, Census of Manufactures, 1905", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-p60-001", "title": "Income of Nonfarm Families and Individuals: 1946", "publisher": "U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census", "year": 1947, "url": "https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/income-nonfarm-families-individuals-1946-5683", "population": "Urban and rural-nonfarm families and individuals in private households (1946 CPS)", "notes": "First P60 report. Median money income: $2,659 (1946), $2,410 (1944), $2,595 (1945). Civilian wages: $1,389 (1939) to $2,697 (1944). Scanned images — OCR'd via GLM-OCR. 11 pages.", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 1", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-p60-009", "title": "Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P-60 No. 9: Income of Families and Persons in the United States: 1950", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 1951, "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1952/demographics/p60-09.pdf", "population": "All US families (two or more related persons living together), CPS money income", "notes": "Kept for historical context — seed source for the skeleton. Plan 001 WI-1 supersedes the all-family median with the by-family-size series (Historical Income Tables, Table F-8) where its coverage window allows.", "short_cite": "", "measure": "money_income", "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-p60-287", "title": "Poverty in the United States: 2024 (Current Population Reports P60-287)", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2025, "url": "https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2025/demo/p60-287.html", "population": "U.S. resident population and families (CPS ASEC)", "notes": "Official poverty rate 2024: 10.6% (35.9M people). SPM: 12.9%. Down from 11.1% official in 2023. For families: 7.0% poverty rate (married-couple 3.5%, female-householder 18.6%).", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, P-60 No. 287", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-p60-series", "title": "Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P-60 (publication series)", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.census.gov/library/publications/time-series/p60.html", "population": "All US families and persons, CPS money income", "notes": "Kept for reference even though individual P-60 reports are cited directly — this is the Census publication-series landing page. Re-verified 2026-09-07 after Census retired its generated listing URL. Individual reports are also at www2.census.gov/library/publications//demographics/p60-.pdf. Example: P-60 No. 69 (1970) at https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1970/demographics/p60-69.pdf.", "short_cite": "", "measure": "money_income", "expect": [ "Consumer Income (P60) Publication Series", "Information concerning families" ] }, { "id": "census-poverty-historical", "title": "Historical Poverty Tables (Census API: histpov2)", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2024, "url": "https://api.census.gov/data/timeseries/poverty/histpov2.html", "population": "All U.S. population (official poverty measure, CPS ASEC)", "notes": "Official poverty rate from the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC), accessed via Census API endpoint histpov2. Covers 1959-present. PCTPOV = percentage of all people below poverty level. PCTFAMPOV = percentage of people in families below poverty level. The official poverty measure uses pre-tax money income vs. poverty thresholds by family size and age. Data starts 1959 (first year of official poverty measure).", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Poverty Tables", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-soc-new-housing", "title": "Characteristics of New Single-Family Houses Completed (Census C-25 / Series H-150)", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.census.gov/construction/chars/", "population": "New single-family houses completed in the United States", "notes": "Annual data on median square feet of floor area in new single-family houses completed, from the Census Bureau's Survey of Construction (SOC). Data available 1973-present. The C-25 annual reports (c25ann2003.pdf through c25ann2017.pdf) and H-150 reports (h150-73A.pdf through h150-89.pdf) are archived in vitrine-research/20-census-construction/. They contain the historical table 'Median and Average Square Feet of Floor Area in New Single-Family Houses Completed.' Pre-1999 reports use Series H-150 designation. Note: this measures NEW construction only, not the existing housing stock — the AHS measures the entire stock and yields lower medians because older, smaller homes remain in the inventory.", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, Characteristics of New Housing, annual reports (C-25 / H-150)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "census-table-a1-a2", "title": "Census Historical Tables: Educational Attainment (Table A-1/A-2)", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.census.gov/topics/education/educational-attainment.html", "population": "U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population aged 25 and over (CPS/ACS)", "notes": "Table A-1: Years of school completed by age and sex (1940-present). Table A-2: Percent of population 25+ with specified years of school completed (high school graduate or more, bachelor's degree or more). 1940-2000 data from decennial census; 2001+ from CPS ASEC. Data series updated annually. Files: taba-1-educational-attainment.xlsx, taba-2-pct-high-school.xlsx. URL CORRECTION 2026-08-14: the old /data/tables/time-series/demo/educational-attainment.html deep link now redirects to the generic /data/tables.html landing (caught by the redirect advisory); repointed at the Educational Attainment topic page, which links the A-1/A-2 time-series tables.", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, Educational Attainment Historical Tables (Table A-1, A-2)", "measure": null, "expect": [ "Educational Attainment" ] }, { "id": "census-table-ms2", "title": "Census Historical Table MS-2: Median Age at First Marriage", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 2023, "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html", "population": "U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population (CPS/decennial census)", "notes": "Table MS-2: Median age at first marriage by sex, 1890 to present. Decennial census data 1890-2000; CPS data for intervening years and 2010+. File: ms2-median-age-first-marriage.xls. The median age at first marriage declined from ~26 (men) / ~22 (women) in 1890 to a mid-century low of ~22.5 / 20.3 in 1956, then rose steadily to ~30+ / ~28+ by 2023.", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, Table MS-2", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "cms-nhe", "title": "National Health Expenditure Accounts (NHEA)", "publisher": "Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Office of the Actuary", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.cms.gov/data-research/statistics-trends-and-reports/national-health-expenditure-data", "population": "US resident population and total national health spending (all payers)", "notes": "CMS NHE tables cover calendar years 1960-2024. Table 01: aggregate amounts, per capita, percent of GDP. Table 02: by type of service and source of funds. Dollar amounts in current (nominal) dollars. Updated annually. Source files: NHE24_Summary.csv, NHE2024.csv. URL CORRECTION 2026-07-28: CMS changed the page slug from statistics-trends-reports to statistics-trends-and-reports (old URL 404s); content re-verified as the NHE data page.", "short_cite": "CMS, National Health Expenditure Accounts", "measure": null, "expect": [ "National Health Expenditure" ] }, { "id": "commissioner-labor-18th-1903", "title": "Eighteenth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1903: Cost of Living and Retail Prices of Food", "publisher": "U.S. Department of Labor, Commissioner of Labor (Carroll D. Wright)", "year": 1903, "url": "https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/annual-report-commissioner-labor-6306", "population": "Wage-earner families in selected industrial centers, 33 states — NOT a national median", "notes": "Data collected 1901, published 1903. Surveyed ~25,000 families. Sometimes called 'the 1901 survey.' Referenced in BLS 'How American Buying Habits Change' (1959, on FRASER) and academic literature. Direct Internet Archive link not yet found — access via FRASER series page or library copy. Government Printing Office, 1904.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "commissioner-labor-6th-1890", "title": "Sixth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1890: Cost of Living of Industrial Workers in the United States and Europe", "publisher": "U.S. Department of Labor, Commissioner of Labor", "year": 1891, "url": "https://archive.org/details/sixthannualrepor0000unse_l7h8", "population": "Industrial workers in selected industries (iron/steel, textiles, glass, coal) in 24 states — NOT a national median", "notes": "Kept for planned 1890s room — surveyed 9,000+ families. The FRASER series page for Commissioner of Labor annual reports: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/annual-report-commissioner-labor-6306. Every fact from this survey must carry the proxy-population caveat.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "cps-computer-internet", "title": "Current Population Survey: Computer and Internet Use Supplement", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau (sponsored by NTIA)", "year": 2023, "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2023/demo/cps/cps-computer.html", "population": "U.S. households and individuals, civilian noninstitutionalized", "notes": "Kept for future 1990s/2000s room curation — conducted in: 1997, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2009-2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021-2023. Measures household access to computers, internet, broadband, and devices. Time series page: https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/time-series/demo/cps/cps-supp_cps-repwgt/cps-computer.html", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "dep-labour-year-book-1969", "title": "British Labour Statistics: Year Book 1969", "publisher": "Department of Employment (HMSO)", "year": 1969, "url": "https://escoe-website.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/19121247/British-Labour-Statistics-Year-Book-1969.pdf", "population": "Men aged 21 and over working full-time as manual workers in the United Kingdom, all industries covered, at the April and October earnings enquiries", "notes": "Table 10, 'Average weekly and hourly earnings of manual workers, and average weekly hours worked, by industry Group, 1965-1969', final column ('All Industries covered'). Earnings in this volume are pre-decimal (£ s. d.) and are not transcribed; the hours column is decimal and is. Read from a scanned volume and checked against the rendered page (see docs/verification-log.md).", "short_cite": "Department of Employment, British Labour Statistics Year Book 1969 (HMSO)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "dep-labour-year-book-1976", "title": "British Labour Statistics: Year Book 1976", "publisher": "Department of Employment (HMSO)", "year": 1976, "url": "https://escoe-website.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/19120357/British-Labour-Statistics-Year-Book-1976.pdf", "population": "Full-time employees aged 21 and over (men) in Great Britain, all industries, at the April New Earnings Survey pay-period, excluding those whose pay was affected by absence", "notes": "The annual compendium republishing New Earnings Survey results. The cited table (page 58 of the scan, 'Average weekly earnings, hours, and hourly earnings of employees in manufacturing and all industries in April, 1972-1976') is the only source in the archive giving UK average hours and hourly earnings for the 1970s; hourly earnings are printed in pence. Read from a scanned volume: the transcription was checked against the rendered page and against the independent ONS long-run weekly-earnings series, which reproduces its 1976 weekly figures exactly (see docs/verification-log.md).", "short_cite": "Department of Employment, British Labour Statistics Year Book 1976 (HMSO)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "early-auto-prices", "title": "Early American Automobile Manufacturer Prices (1901–1910)", "publisher": "Manufacturer records compiled by automotive historians", "year": 2008, "url": "https://www.conceptcarz.com/s10036/oldsmobile-model-r-curved-dash.aspx", "population": "Manufacturer list prices for the US market", "notes": "Oldsmobile Curved Dash Runabout: $650 (1901–1904), best-selling car in America. Ford Model A (first Ford): $750–$850 (1903). Rambler: $650 (1902–1913). Prices from manufacturer records compiled by ConceptCarz, RM Sotheby's, and PreWarCar. Tier C: manufacturer list prices verified through multiple automotive history sources. URL CORRECTION 2026-08-14: the old /vehicle/v31303,10036/ deep link now redirects to an error page with HTTP 200 (caught by the redirect advisory); repointed at the same car's live model page, content re-verified (1902 Model R Curved Dash valuation/specs).", "short_cite": "Automotive historical records (Oldsmobile, Ford, Rambler)", "measure": null, "expect": [ "Oldsmobile Model R Curved Dash" ] }, { "id": "eia-aer-appliances", "title": "EIA Annual Energy Review: Household Appliances (Table 8.3 / Table 2.6)", "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration", "year": 1988, "url": "https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/", "population": "U.S. occupied housing units", "notes": "Appliance ownership data (% of households with each appliance) from the EIA Annual Energy Review. Data for 1978-1987 sourced from RECS (Form EIA-84). Table republished in the Census Bureau's 'Statistical Abstract: USSR and USA 1990' (1991), Table 8.3. Covers: color/B&W TV, clothes washer, clothes dryer, microwave oven, dishwasher, refrigerator, freezer, air conditioning (central + room), gas appliances, VCRs. Data are consistent with RECS microdata.", "short_cite": "EIA Annual Energy Review 1988, Table 8.3 (republished in Census Bureau, 1991)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "eia-recs", "title": "Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS)", "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration", "year": 2020, "url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/index.php", "population": "U.S. housing units (sampled)", "notes": "Started 1978, triennial/quadrennial. Tracks appliance ownership (refrigerator, washing machine, air conditioning) and housing characteristics. AC diffusion: 1993 RECS 68%, 2009 RECS 87%, 2015 RECS 87%. Useful for diffusion and home panels as complement to AHS.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "fcc-video-competition", "title": "Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming (FCC Reports, 1994–2017)", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "year": 2017, "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/media-bureau-reports-industry", "population": "U.S. households subscribing to multichannel video programming distributor (MVPD) services", "notes": "FCC's annual report on video competition. Subscriber data from SNL Kagan (industry analyst). Key data: 1992: 59.3% of TV households (55.2M subscribers, FCC 97-423 Table B-1, local archive ~/vitrine-research/09-fcc/fcc97423.pdf). 1997: 64.2M cable, 73.6M total MVPD, 75.9% of TV households (FCC 1997 report). 2006: 65.3M basic cable, 95.8M total MVPD, 87% of TV households (FCC 07-206, 13th Report, local archive ~/vitrine-research/09-fcc/FCC-07-206A1.txt). 2015: 53.2M cable (53.1% of MVPD), 33.1M DBS, 13.0M telco, 99.4M total MVPD (FCC DA 17-71, 2017, local archive ~/vitrine-research/09-fcc/DA-17-71A1.pdf). MVPD subscriber losses began 2013 — cord-cutting era. Cable's share of MVPD declined from 89% (1997) to 68.2% (2006) to 53.1% (2015). The landing page at fcc.gov/general/media-bureau-reports-industry links to all annual reports; individual report years cited in fact notes.", "short_cite": "FCC, Annual Video Competition Report", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "fed-scf", "title": "Federal Reserve Survey of Consumer Finances", "publisher": "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System", "year": 2022, "url": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/scfindex.htm", "population": "U.S. families (survey sample, ~6,500 families per wave)", "notes": "Triennial survey of U.S. family finances. Provides median and mean net worth by income quintile, age, family structure. Full asset/liability composition: home equity, vehicles, financial assets (deposits, stocks, retirement accounts), business equity, and debt (mortgage, credit cards, installment loans). Survey years: 1983, 1989, 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2019, 2022. Interactive tables at federalreserve.gov/econres/scf/dataviz/scf/table/. Tier A (official survey).", "short_cite": "Federal Reserve, Survey of Consumer Finances", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "fed-z1", "title": "Federal Reserve Z.1 Financial Accounts of the United States (Flow of Funds)", "publisher": "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/", "population": "U.S. households and nonprofit organizations (aggregate, sector-level)", "notes": "Table B.101.h: Balance Sheet of Households and Nonprofit Organizations. Quarterly from Q4 1945. Assets include: real estate, consumer durables, deposits, corporate equities, mutual fund shares, pension fund reserves, life insurance reserves. Liabilities include: home mortgages, consumer credit. Net worth = assets minus liabilities. Aggregate sector-level data (NOT median). Available on FRED as TNWBSHNO (net worth), TABSHNO (assets), TLBSHNO (liabilities). Tier A (official series).", "short_cite": "Federal Reserve, Z.1 Financial Accounts, Table B.101.h", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "fhwa-fi200-2023", "title": "Table FI-200: Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatalities, 1900-2023 (Highway Statistics 2023)", "publisher": "Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Policy Information", "year": 2025, "url": "https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2023/fi200.cfm", "population": "All persons killed in motor-vehicle traffic crashes on US public roads (the States and the District of Columbia), measured against total vehicle-miles travelled — not drivers only and not vehicle occupants only", "notes": "The whole 1900-2023 span in one FHWA table, so the fatality-rate series needs no splice between estimate and registration eras. Four rate columns are published side by side (per 1,000 miles of road, per 100 million annual VMT, per 100,000 registered motor vehicles, per 100,000 licensed drivers); the museum takes the per-100-million-VMT column, and the extraction script recomputes it from the table's own fatality and VMT columns for every year rather than trusting its position. FHWA footnote (3) records a definitional change: beginning in 1976 the count includes only people who died within 30 days of the crash, so the earlier years are counted on a wider window and the two halves are not the same measurement. The 1900-1995 rows were cross-checked against FHWA's separately-published Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 (April 1997): 95 of 96 years reproduce exactly, the exception being 1995, that publication's terminal provisional year, since revised from 41,770 deaths to 41,817 (see docs/verification-log.md).", "short_cite": "FHWA Highway Statistics 2023, Table FI-200", "measure": null, "expect": [ "Table FI-200", "PER 100 MILLION", "died within 30 days" ] }, { "id": "fred-ahetpi", "title": "Average Hourly Earnings of Production and Nonsupervisory Employees, Total Private (AHETPI)", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (source: BLS Current Employment Statistics)", "year": 2024, "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/AHETPI", "population": "Production and nonsupervisory employees, total private sector", "notes": "Average (not median) hourly earnings. Coverage: 1964-present, monthly. BLS source code: CES0500000008. Used as an explicitly average wage benchmark in the work-buys panel; it does not identify median worker purchasing power.", "short_cite": "BLS via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (AHETPI)", "measure": "hourly_earnings", "expect": [] }, { "id": "fred-awhman", "title": "Average Weekly Hours of Production and Nonsupervisory Employees, Manufacturing (AWHMAN)", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (source: BLS Current Employment Statistics)", "year": 2024, "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/AWHMAN", "population": "Production and nonsupervisory employees in manufacturing", "notes": "Coverage: Jan 1939–present, monthly. BLS source code: CES3000000007. CSV API: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=AWHMAN. 1950 annual average: 40.5 hours. 2024 annual average: 40.7 hours.", "short_cite": "BLS via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (AWHMAN)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "fred-awhnonag", "title": "Average Weekly Hours of Production and Nonsupervisory Employees, Total Private (AWHNONAG)", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (source: BLS Current Employment Statistics)", "year": 2024, "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/AWHNONAG", "population": "Production and nonsupervisory employees, total private sector", "notes": "Monthly, seasonally adjusted; BLS series CES0500000007. Annual room observations are equal-weight means of all twelve months. Exact public BLS API responses retrieved 2026-09-07 are saved in the local archive and bound by audits.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "fred-ces-manuf-earnings", "title": "Average Hourly Earnings of Production and Nonsupervisory Employees, Manufacturing (CES3000000008)", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (source: BLS Current Employment Statistics)", "year": 2024, "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CES3000000008", "population": "Production and nonsupervisory employees in manufacturing", "notes": "Coverage: 1939–present, monthly. Manufacturing-only earnings series; AHETPI starts in 1964 but covers the broader total-private population. 1950 annual average: $1.32/hour. CSV API: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=CES3000000008.", "short_cite": "BLS via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (CES3000000008)", "measure": "hourly_earnings", "expect": [] }, { "id": "fred-ces-manuf-weekly-earnings", "title": "Average Weekly Earnings of Production and Nonsupervisory Employees, Manufacturing (CES3000000030)", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (source: BLS Current Employment Statistics)", "year": 2024, "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CES3000000030", "population": "Production and nonsupervisory employees in manufacturing", "notes": "Kept for series feed — feeds the weekly-earnings-manufacturing series (Plan 010). Coverage: 1939–present, monthly. BLS source code: CES3000000030. Weekly x 52 yields annual earnings without smuggling in a weekly-hours assumption. Not a room affordability anchor, so no measure is declared. CSV API: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=CES3000000030.", "short_cite": "BLS via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (CES3000000030)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "fred-cpiaucns", "title": "Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average (CPIAUCNS)", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (source: BLS)", "year": 2024, "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCNS", "population": "All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), U.S. city average, all items", "notes": "Not seasonally adjusted. Coverage: 1913-present, monthly. Use for deflation and real-wage calculations across all decades.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "fred-cpiaucsl", "title": "Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average (CPIAUCSL)", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (source: BLS)", "year": 2024, "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCSL", "population": "All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), U.S. city average, all items", "notes": "Kept for trend analysis — seasonally adjusted. Coverage: 1947-present, monthly. Use for trend analysis; use CPIAUCNS for historical deflation pre-1947.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "fred-mefainusa646n", "title": "Median Family Income in the United States (MEFAINUSA646N)", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (source: U.S. Census Bureau)", "year": 2024, "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MEFAINUSA646N", "population": "All US families, CPS money income (nominal)", "notes": "Kept for cross-referencing — FRED republishes Census data. For provenance, cite the Census source (P-60 or Historical Income Tables) as primary. Coverage: 1953-2024. Useful for programmatic access and cross-referencing with wage/CPI series.", "short_cite": "", "measure": "money_income", "expect": [] }, { "id": "fred-mefainusa672n", "title": "Real Median Family Income in the United States (MEFAINUSA672N)", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (source: U.S. Census Bureau)", "year": 2024, "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MEFAINUSA672N", "population": "All US families, CPS money income (CPI-adjusted to 2024 dollars)", "notes": "Kept for cross-referencing — real (inflation-adjusted) median family income from FRED. Coverage: 1953-2024. CPI-U deflation applied by FRED. Vitrine cites the nominal Census source directly; this is the real-value companion for comparison.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "goldsmith-balance-sheet", "title": "Studies in the National Balance Sheet of the United States, Vol. I", "publisher": "National Bureau of Economic Research / Princeton University Press", "year": 1963, "url": "https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c3926/c3926.pdf", "population": "U.S. nonfarm household sector (aggregate, Goldsmith reconstruction)", "notes": "Table 1: Main Balance Sheet Components by Sector, 1900-1958. Benchmark years: 1900, 1912, 1922, 1929, 1939, 1945, 1958. Sector I.1 = Nonfarm households. Provides total assets, tangible assets, financial assets, debt, and net worth in current dollars. Goldsmith's balance sheet construction uses Census wealth data, Federal Reserve flow of funds, and tax return compilations. Aggregate household sector, NOT median. Tier D (scholarly reconstruction). Downloaded as NBER chapter c3926.", "short_cite": "Goldsmith, Lipsey & Mendelson (1963), Table 1", "measure": null, "expect": [ "Goldsmith", "National Balance Sheet" ] }, { "id": "hist-stats-colonial-1970", "title": "Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (Bicentennial Edition)", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 1975, "url": "https://archive.org/details/HistoricalStatisticsOfTheUnitedStatesColonialTimesTo1970/page/n1231/mode/2up", "population": "Various national aggregates (depends on table)", "notes": "Free on Internet Archive. Contains population, labor, prices, housing, and diffusion series spanning colonial times to 1970. Essential for pre-1940 decades where no dedicated survey exists. Predecessor to the Millennial Edition.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "hist-stats-millennial", "title": "Historical Statistics of the United States, Millennial Edition", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "year": 2006, "url": "http://hsus.cambridge.org/", "population": "Various national aggregates (depends on table)", "notes": "Kept for future research — behind institutional access. Expanded and revised edition of the Bicentennial Edition. 5 volumes. Some tables go back to 1790. Use Colonial Times to 1970 (free) where coverage overlaps; use this for post-1970 extensions and more detailed series.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "hist-stats-wages-manufacturing", "title": "Historical Statistics: Average Hourly Earnings of Manufacturing Production Workers (Series D 766, D 765-767, D 802-804)", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau", "year": 1975, "url": "https://archive.org/details/HistoricalStatisticsOfTheUnitedStatesColonialTimesTo1970/page/n1231/mode/2up", "population": "Production workers in manufacturing (national average, payroll data)", "notes": "Series D 766 (hourly earnings 1890-1914), D 765-767 (manufacturing production workers 1909-1929), D 802-804 (all manufacturing 1919-1948). Pre-FRED CES wage data. Used as the wage anchor for 1900s-1930s rooms (Plan 013). The population skews urban, industrial, male — see the manufacturing-wage-proxy assumption.", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Statistics (Series D)", "measure": "hourly_earnings", "expect": [] }, { "id": "ipums-1940-census", "title": "IPUMS USA: 1940 Decennial Census (Full Count)", "publisher": "IPUMS, University of Minnesota", "year": 2024, "url": "https://usa.ipums.org/usa/", "population": "All US residents, 1940 (132 million records, full count)", "notes": "Kept for 1940s-room microdata work — the room currently cites published Census sources; this is the harmonized-microdata option for computed Tier B statistics, subject to IPUMS full-count terms. 1940 census was first to ask about income (wage/salary only — does not include self-employment, property income, or transfers). Housing variables: tenure, rooms, plumbing, electricity, radio, refrigerator, heating fuel. Procedural history: https://usa.ipums.org/usa/resources/voliii/enumproc1940.pdf. FULL COUNT DATA: subject to additional terms — will not be republished, not for genealogical research, will not link individual records with original enumeration images. Vitrine uses this data ONLY to compute aggregate statistics (medians, percentages) which are published as Facts; raw microdata is never committed.", "short_cite": "IPUMS USA, University of Minnesota, www.ipums.org", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "ipums-usa", "title": "IPUMS USA: Integrated Public Use Microdata Series", "publisher": "IPUMS, University of Minnesota", "year": 2024, "url": "https://usa.ipums.org/usa/", "population": "Decennial census respondents (sample or full count, depending on year) + ACS 2001-present", "notes": "Harmonized census microdata 1850-2020 + ACS. Tier B: statistics computed by this project from microdata. COMPLIANCE: See docs/ipums-compliance.md. IPUMS USA Sample data: may publish subsets for journal requirements; contact IPUMS for other redistribution. IPUMS USA Full Count data (1850-1950): WILL NOT BE REPUBLISHED. Vitrine publishes only derived aggregate statistics (medians, percentages), never raw microdata. Raw IPUMS extracts live in gitignored samples/ and are never committed. PREFERRED CITATION: Steven Ruggles, Sarah Flood, Matthew Sobek, Daniel Backman, Grace Cooper, Julia A. Rivera Drew, Stephanie Richards, Renae Rodgers, Jonathan Schroeder, and Kari C.W. Williams. IPUMS USA: Version 16.0 [dataset]. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18128/D010.V16.0. Add publication to IPUMS bibliography at https://www.ipums.org/bibliography.", "short_cite": "IPUMS USA, University of Minnesota, www.ipums.org", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "jp-cpi", "title": "Consumer Price Index (消費者物価指数) — long-term series", "publisher": "Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC)", "year": 2025, "url": "https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/cpi/", "population": "All households in Japan (index base 2020 = 100)", "notes": "Kept for future Japan deflation — Official 'All items' (総合) series begins 1970. For 1955 and 1965, 'All items, less imputed rent' (持家の帰属家賃を除く総合) is the closest available series — not identical to 'All items' and flagged when used for deflation. Downloaded: cpi-all-items-less-imputed-rent-1947-recent.csv, cpi-indices-of-items-1970-recent.csv.", "short_cite": "Statistics Bureau / e-Stat, CPI long-term series (消費者物価指数)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "jp-fies", "title": "Family Income and Expenditure Survey (家計調査) — long-run time-series tables", "publisher": "Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC)", "year": 2025, "url": "https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/kakei/", "population": "Two-or-more-person households (workers' households and all households), Japan. Urban-only before 1962; national from 1963.", "notes": "Monthly survey of household income and expenditure, continuous from 1946. Three universes: workers' households, all two-or-more-person households, one-person households. Expenditure classification revised in 1981 (methodology seam). Long-run Excel tables downloaded: fies-18-02-a.xls (workers' households, all cities, 1948–1962), fies-a18-2.xls (workers' households, 1963–2017), fies-a18-1.xls (all two-or-more-person households, 1963–2017). Before 1962 the survey covered cities only — pre-1962 facts carry the urban-rural-split caveat. URL CORRECTION 2026-08-14: the Statistics Bureau reorganized the English site and the old /data/kakei/tsuki/ deep link 404s; repointed at the FIES English landing page, which links the outline, results, and Q&A pages (1560–1563). The long-run Excel tables cited above remain in samples/.", "short_cite": "Statistics Bureau, FIES long-run tables (家計調査)", "measure": null, "expect": [ "Family Income and Expenditure Survey" ] }, { "id": "jp-hls", "title": "Housing and Land Survey (住宅・土地統計調査) — via Japan Statistical Yearbook", "publisher": "Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC)", "year": 2025, "url": "https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/jyutaku/index.html", "population": "Dwellings and households in sampled enumeration districts nationwide. Excludes diplomatic facilities, Imperial property, jails, SDF/US military bases.", "notes": "Quinquennial since 1948 (first survey was a census). Renamed from 'Housing Survey' to 'Housing and Land Survey' in 1998. English stat.go.jp pages provide only survey outlines; summary results extracted from Japan Statistical Yearbook (JSY) Excel tables: JSY 2016 (65nenkan) tables 21-1/21-5/21-8 covering 1988–2013, JSY 2026 (75nenkan) tables 21-1/21-5/21-6 covering 2013–2023. Homeownership rate, floor area, rooms per dwelling available. Basic bath/toilet facility data NOT in English JSY tables — needs e-Stat.", "short_cite": "Statistics Bureau, HLS via JSY tables 21-1/21-5/21-6 (住宅・土地統計調査)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "jp-icwp", "title": "Information and Communications White Paper (情報通信白書) — English summaries", "publisher": "Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC)", "year": 2015, "url": "https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_sosiki/joho_tsusin/eng/whitepaper/index.html", "population": "Households and individuals in Japan (varies by chapter — household penetration vs individual users)", "notes": "Annual white paper since 1973. English online summaries available 2001–2024. Key data: household penetration of mobile phones, PCs, fax, car navigation, broadband; internet users and penetration. Pre-2001 English summaries not available online (may be Japanese-only or print). Chapter PDFs downloaded for 2001 (ch.2), 2005 (ch.2), 2010 (ch.4), 2015 (ch.5).", "short_cite": "MIC, Information and Communications White Paper (情報通信白書)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "jp-jsy", "title": "Japan Statistical Yearbook (日本統計年鑑) — historical tables", "publisher": "Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC)", "year": 2025, "url": "https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/nenkan/", "population": "Varies by table — see individual source registrations for each survey.", "notes": "Annual compendium republishing data from all major surveys in consolidated form. JSY 2016 (65nenkan) covers 1988–2013; JSY 2026 (75nenkan) covers 2013–2023. Historical wage data for 1955/1965 from scanned JSY 1966 table 255 (image file ys1965_t213.jpg, ys1966_t210.jpg). Used as the retrieval vehicle for HLS housing data (tables 21-1, 21-5, 21-6, 21-8) since the English HLS pages publish only outlines.", "short_cite": "Statistics Bureau, Japan Statistical Yearbook (日本統計年鑑)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "jp-mls", "title": "Monthly Labour Survey (毎月勤労統計調査) — long-term actual data", "publisher": "Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)", "year": 2025, "url": "https://www.e-stat.go.jp/en/statistics/00450071", "population": "Establishments with 30 or more regular workers, all surveyed industries (total), Japan. Calendar year averages.", "notes": "Monthly payroll survey of employment, wages (total cash earnings), and working hours. Long-term actual CSV (mls-long-term-actual.csv) covers 1960–2026 at industry level; all-industry (TL) total available from 1970. Data for 1955/1965 taken from scanned Japan Statistical Yearbook pages. 'Total cash earnings' includes regular pay (所定内給与) and special pay (特別に支給された給与).", "short_cite": "MHLW / e-Stat, Monthly Labour Survey long-term series (毎月勤労統計)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "jp-nsfiie", "title": "National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure (全国消費実態調査) — durable goods summaries", "publisher": "Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC)", "year": 2009, "url": "https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/zensho/index.html", "population": "Two-or-more-person households nationwide (separate data for one-person households). Excludes restaurants/boarding houses, foreign households (pre-2019).", "notes": "Quinquennial deep-dive survey since 1959. Publishes 'Summary of Results Concerning Major Durable Goods' with possession rates (% of households) and ownership quantities (per 1,000 households) for ~40 categories. English HTML summaries available for 1999, 2004, 2009. The 2014 and 2019 (renamed) surveys do not publish English durable-goods summaries — data only via e-Stat (Japanese). Main data tables are image-based (GIF) on HTML pages; numbers transcribed from narrative text.", "short_cite": "Statistics Bureau, NSFIIE durable goods summaries (全国消費実態調査)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "measuringworth", "title": "MeasuringWorth: Calculators for the Relative Value of Money Over Time", "publisher": "MeasuringWorth (Lawrence Officer & Samuel Williamson)", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.measuringworth.com/", "population": "Various (composite of BLS/Census historical series)", "notes": "Kept for reference — provides calculators for relative value of money (CPI, GDP deflator, unskilled wage, etc.) and historical wage/price series. Useful for work-buys panel (converting wages to purchasing power) and cross-era deflation.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "nchs-db548", "title": "NCHS Data Brief No. 548: Mortality in the United States, 2024", "publisher": "National Center for Health Statistics (CDC)", "year": 2026, "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db548.htm", "population": "U.S. resident population (death certificates, final 2024 data)", "notes": "Final 2024 mortality data. Age-adjusted death rates: Heart disease 157.6, Cancer 139.4, Stroke 38.6 per 100,000. Life expectancy 79.0 years.", "short_cite": "NCHS, Data Brief No. 548 (Jan 2026)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "nchs-hus-2019-table1", "title": "Health, United States, 2019 — Table 1: Crude birth rates, fertility rates, and birth rates, by age, race, and Hispanic origin of mother, selected years 1950-2018", "publisher": "National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", "year": 2021, "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/2019/001-508.pdf", "population": "All women aged 15-19 resident in the United States, all races and origins — the denominator is every woman in the age band, not those who were sexually active or married", "notes": "The All-races block, 15-19 'Total' column. The table repeats its whole structure once per race and origin group and prints 15-17 and 18-19 sub-columns beside the total, so both the block and the column are located explicitly by the extraction script rather than by position. Selected years, not annual: NCHS publishes 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and then most recent years, and the gaps between printed rows are not interpolated. This 2019 edition is cited rather than the newer 2020-2021 one because the later edition drops 2010 from its selected years. Cross-checked against that later edition (12 overlapping years, all identical) and against NVSR 72-1 Table 2, compiled independently of the trend tables (6 overlapping years, all identical). Note that cdc.gov returns 403 to browser-like User-Agents and serves plain tool agents instead — the opposite of bls.gov; scripts/link_check.py retries 403s with a plain agent for this reason.", "short_cite": "NCHS, Health, United States 2019, Table 1", "measure": null, "expect": [ "Crude birth rates, fertility rates, and birth rates", "Health, United States, 2019" ] }, { "id": "nchs-hus2016-table37", "title": "Health, United States, 2016, Table 37: Five-year Relative Cancer Survival Rates for Selected Cancer Sites", "publisher": "National Center for Health Statistics (CDC)", "year": 2017, "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/2016/037.pdf", "population": "Cancer patients in SEER 9 registry areas, by race (White, Black) and sex", "notes": "Kept for future health panel curation — survival by diagnosis period: 1975-77, 1981-83, 1987-89, 1999-2001, 2006-12. Includes all sites, breast, lung, prostate, colon, leukemia, NHL, pancreas.", "short_cite": "CDC/NCHS, Health, United States, 2016, Table 37", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "nchs-mortality-trends", "title": "Age-adjusted Death Rates for Selected Major Causes of Death, 1900-2018", "publisher": "National Center for Health Statistics (CDC)", "year": 2020, "url": "https://data.cdc.gov/National-Center-for-Health-Statistics/NCHS-Age-adjusted-Death-Rates-for-Selected-Major-C/6rkc-nb2q", "population": "U.S. resident population (death certificates, all causes)", "notes": "Covers 1900-2018 for 5 causes: Heart Disease, Cancer, Stroke, Accidents, Influenza/Pneumonia. Rates for 1900-1998 from NCHS Historical Data; 1999-2018 calculated using 2000 U.S. standard population. Citation: Bastian B, Tejada Vera B, Arias E, et al. Mortality trends in the United States, 1900-2018. NCHS. 2020.", "short_cite": "CDC NCHS, Age-adjusted Death Rates for Selected Major Causes (data.cdc.gov)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "nchs-nvsr-72-1", "title": "Births: Final Data for 2021 (National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 72, No. 1)", "publisher": "National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", "year": 2023, "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf", "population": "All women aged 15-19 resident in the United States, all races and origins", "notes": "Table 2, 'Birth rates, by age of mother: United States, 2010-2021', All-races-and-origins block, 15-19 'Total' column. Used for the 2020 figure, which the Health, United States trend table does not reach. Two traps in this document, both guarded in the extraction script: an 'All races and origins' heading appears on more than one page for more than one table, and Table 2's columns omit the crude birth rate that the trend tables carry, so the 15-19 total sits one cell earlier than in Health, United States. Reading the neighbouring cell gives the 15-17 sub-rate, about half the value and entirely plausible alone.", "short_cite": "NCHS, NVSR 72(1), Births: Final Data for 2021", "measure": null, "expect": [ "Births: Final Data for 2021", "Birth rates, by age of mother" ] }, { "id": "nchs-nvss", "title": "National Vital Statistics System: Life Tables and Infant Mortality", "publisher": "National Center for Health Statistics (CDC)", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/life-expectancy.htm", "population": "U.S. resident population (death certificates)", "notes": "NCHS publishes annual life tables via the National Vital Statistics Reports series. Life expectancy at birth (all races): 1960: 69.7 total / 66.6M / 73.1F; 1970: 70.8 / 67.1M / 74.8F; 1980: 73.7 / 70.0M / 77.5F; 1990: 75.4 / 71.8M / 78.8F; 2000: 77.0 / 74.3M / 79.7F; 2010: 78.7 / 76.2M / 81.0F; 2023: 78.4 / 75.8M / 81.1F (Data Brief No. 521). 2024 provisional: 79.0 / 76.5M / 81.4F. Infant mortality rates (all races, per 1,000 live births) from Health, United States, 2016, Table 11: 1950: 29.2; 1960: 26.0; 1970: 20.0; 1980: 12.6; 1990: 9.2; 2000: 6.9; 2010: 6.1; 2015: 5.9. URL for infant mortality table: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/2016/011.pdf", "short_cite": "NCHS, National Vital Statistics System", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "ncta-cable-history", "title": "Cable History Timeline (NCTA/Syndeo Institute)", "publisher": "Syndeo Institute (formerly NCTA Foundation)", "year": 2022, "url": "https://syndeoinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Cable-History-Timeline-Narrative_2022.pdf", "population": "U.S. households with cable television subscriptions", "notes": "National cable penetration milestones from industry trade association. 1988: 50.5% penetration. 1989: more than 52M cable customers, 9,050 systems. 1999: 66.7M customers. Tier C: industry self-reported statistics, but the standard reference for historical cable penetration. NOTE: The 1990s cable fact previously cited this source with a '~60%' figure that could not be verified against the NCTA timeline PDF; it has since been corrected to cite FCC 97-423 (59.3%, Tier A). No fact currently cites this source for 1990s data.", "short_cite": "NCTA/Syndeo Institute, Cable History Timeline", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "niaaa-surveillance-122", "title": "Apparent Per Capita Alcohol Consumption: National, State, and Regional Trends, 1977-2023 (Surveillance Report #122)", "publisher": "National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research (Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System)", "year": 2025, "url": "https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/sites/default/files/surveillance-report122.Per-Capita-Consumption.pdf", "population": "The whole U.S. population aged 15 and older before 1970, and aged 14 and older from 1970 onward — not drinkers only, and not adults only", "notes": "Table 1, 'Apparent per capita ethanol consumption, United States, 1850-2023', all-beverages column. Apparent consumption is derived from legal beverage sales and shipment data collected from States, the National Alcohol Beverage Control Association and industry sources, divided by Census population: it measures what the state could count, not what was drunk, which is why national Prohibition appears in the table as the literal word '(Prohibition)' and no numbers for 1920-1933. The report's own note records that data prior to 1977 are from Hyman et al. 1980, so the early half of this official series is republished scholarly work. Pre-1934 figures are published as multi-year ranges, not single years. The archived copy in samples/ was confirmed sha256-identical to the document served at this URL on 2026-09-01 (see docs/verification-log.md).", "short_cite": "NIAAA Surveillance Report #122 (Slater & Alpert, 2025)", "measure": null, "expect": [ "Apparent per capita ethanol consumption", "(Prohibition)", "Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System" ] }, { "id": "ntia-data-central", "title": "NTIA Data Central", "publisher": "National Telecommunications and Information Administration", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.ntia.gov/topics/data-central", "population": "U.S. households and individuals (via CPS supplements)", "notes": "Kept for reference — NTIA sponsors the CPS Computer and Internet Use supplement and publishes data and reports. Data Central hosts downloadable datasets and visualizations. The underlying CPS supplement is registered separately as cps-computer-internet.", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "ntia-fttn-2000", "title": "Falling Through the Net: Toward Digital Inclusion (October 2000)", "publisher": "National Telecommunications and Information Administration (U.S. Dept. of Commerce)", "year": 2000, "url": "https://www.ntia.gov/sites/default/files/data/fttn00/front00.htm", "population": "U.S. households and individuals", "notes": "Fourth in the 'Falling Through the Net' series (1995, 1998, 1999, 2000). Measures telephone, computer, and internet access. 1995 report on Wayback Machine: https://web.archive.org/web/19970620103641/https://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fallingthru.html", "short_cite": "", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "ons-ashe-table1", "title": "Employee earnings in the UK: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 1 (all employees)", "publisher": "Office for National Statistics", "year": 2025, "url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/allemployeesashetable1", "population": "All employee jobs in the United Kingdom — full- and part-time, both sexes — on adult rates, whose pay in the April survey pay-period was not affected by absence; a 1% sample of National Insurance numbers", "notes": "Table 1.5a is gross hourly pay and Table 1.9a total paid hours worked; the rooms cite the median of the 'All' sheet for both. The median over all employee jobs includes part-time jobs and so sits below the full-time median, which is transcribed alongside it in each fact's notes. ASHE runs from 1997 (a back-series recalculated from the New Earnings Survey for 1997-2003, weighted from 2004). Transcribed by scripts/uk_ashe_extract.py.", "short_cite": "ONS, ASHE Table 1 — all employees (1997 onwards)", "measure": "median_hourly_pay", "expect": [] }, { "id": "ons-century-homeownership", "title": "Home ownership down and renting up for the first time in a century", "publisher": "Office for National Statistics", "year": 2015, "url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/homeownershipdownandrentingupforfirsttimeinacentury/2015-06-19", "population": "Households in England and Wales", "notes": "ONS analysis of tenure 1918–2011 from the Census of England and Wales, interpolated between census years. Reported as % of households: owned (owner-occupied), private rented, socially rented. Data CSV at https://static.ons.gov.uk/visual/2015/06/data.csv (HTTP 200 verified and byte-identical to the local copy). Figures are for households, not families — single-person and low-income households pull the tenure mix differently than a median four-person family would.", "short_cite": "ONS, A century of home ownership and renting (England and Wales, 1918–2011)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "ons-earnings-1938-2025", "title": "Earnings time series of mean gross weekly earnings from 1938 to 2025", "publisher": "Office for National Statistics", "year": 2025, "url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/earningstimeseriesofmeangrossweeklyearningsfrom1938to2022", "population": "Adult full-time employees in Great Britain whose pay for the survey period was not affected by absence", "notes": "Long-run weekly earnings series. 1938–1968 from Annual Abstract of Statistics (adult manual workers); 1968–2003 New Earnings Survey (NES); 2004+ Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE), weighted to LFS population totals. Male/female reported separately for 1938–1969; a combined all-employee series is available from 1970. Discontinuities at each methodology change are documented in the file. Data file resolves at /file?uri=.../current/19382025.xlsx (HTTP 200 verified).", "short_cite": "ONS, Mean gross weekly earnings 1938–2025 (historical / ASHE)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "ons-etb-household-type", "title": "The effects of taxes and benefits on household income: historical datasets — income, tax and benefit data by household type", "publisher": "Office for National Statistics", "year": 2019, "url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/incomeandwealth/datasets/theeffectsoftaxesandbenefitsonhouseholdincomehistoricaldatasets", "population": "Non-retired private households in the United Kingdom of two adults with two children — averages (means) per household, in current (nominal) prices", "notes": "One worksheet per financial year, 1977 to FYE 2017/18, from the Living Costs and Food Survey and its predecessors (Family Expenditure Survey). The cited row is 'Disposable income' — original income plus cash benefits, less direct taxes and employees' National Insurance — for the non-retired 'two adults with two children' household type, the closest published UK counterpart to the museum's four-person composite. It is a mean, not a median, and the two adults are not necessarily the children's parents; see the uk-household-not-family assumption. Values are transcribed by scripts/uk_etb_extract.py, which locates the column by its composed header because the header block shifts between the 1980s and 1990s sheets.", "short_cite": "ONS, Effects of taxes and benefits by household type (1977 to FYE 2018)", "measure": "disposable_household_income", "expect": [] }, { "id": "ons-ghs-40yr", "title": "General Lifestyle Survey: 40 years of data collection (Figure 40.2 — consumer durables and cars)", "publisher": "Office for National Statistics", "year": 2013, "url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/incomeandwealth/compendium/generallifestylesurvey/2013-03-07/40yearsofdatacollection", "population": "Households in Great Britain (General Household Survey / General Lifestyle Survey)", "notes": "Figure 40.2: percentage of households with consumer durables and cars, 1972–2011. Reports colour television, home computer, telephone, and car or van (the fuller durable basket — central heating, refrigerator, washing machine, vacuum cleaner, dishwasher — is in a separate table not included in this overview). Unweighted data. The GHS covered Great Britain (England, Wales, Scotland); the survey was discontinued after 2012. Values transcribed from the figure's underlying data CSV (ghs-data-chart3.csv); an OCR pass of the figure misread two cells (telephone 42→43, colour TV 61→60), confirming the CSV, not the OCR, is authoritative.", "short_cite": "ONS, General Household Survey 40-year overview, Figure 40.2 (durable goods)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "ons-hpi-annual-tables", "title": "House price data: annual tables (UK House Price Index)", "publisher": "Office for National Statistics", "year": 2026, "url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/datasets/housepriceindexannualtables2039", "population": "Dwellings purchased with a mortgage in the United Kingdom, as recorded in a sub-sample of the Regulated Mortgage Survey (before 2005, the Survey of Mortgage Lenders) — cash purchases are not represented", "notes": "Table 31, 'simple average house prices, United Kingdom', unadjusted (nominal), annual from 1991; previously DLUHC live table 571. Table 28's 'all dwellings' column reproduces Table 31 to the pound and carries the average recorded income of the borrowers beside it, which is how the transcription is checked. Data to 2002 are from a 5% sample; 2003 onwards from an enhanced sample; from September 2005 collected via the Regulated Mortgage Survey. The workbook in the archive is the .xls — the file served with an .xlsx extension is the HTML landing page.", "short_cite": "ONS, House price data annual tables, Table 31 (UK, from 1991)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "pew-internet-broadband", "title": "Pew Research Center: Internet & Broadband Fact Sheet", "publisher": "Pew Research Center", "year": 2025, "url": "https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/internet-broadband/", "population": "U.S. adults (survey samples)", "notes": "Pew's Internet & Technology program tracks internet, broadband, and smartphone adoption via periodic surveys. Compiles time-series adoption percentages. Coverage: ~2000-present. Pew 403-blocks automated requests — URL valid, access via browser.", "short_cite": "Pew Research Center", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "ramey-2008-nber", "title": "Time Spent in Home Production in the 20th Century: New Estimates from Old Data (NBER Working Paper w13985)", "publisher": "National Bureau of Economic Research", "year": 2008, "url": "https://www.nber.org/papers/w13985", "population": "Prime-age women and men, ages 18–64 (benchmark years 1900–2005); also all-ages per-capita and per-household aggregates", "notes": "Kept for reference — draft companion to the published version (ramey-2009). 63 pages. Data tables numerically identical to published version. The published version (ramey-2009) is the primary source for all facts; this is the NBER working paper draft.", "short_cite": "Ramey, NBER w13985, 2008", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "ramey-2009", "title": "Time Spent in Home Production in the Twentieth-Century United States: New Estimates from Old Data", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press (Journal of Economic History)", "year": 2009, "url": "https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w13985/w13985.pdf", "population": "Prime-age women and men, ages 18–64 (benchmark years 1900–2005); also all-ages per-capita and per-household aggregates", "notes": "Valerie A. Ramey, JEconHist 69(1), March 2009, pp. 1–47. Reconstruction from historical time-diary studies (Purnell Act studies 1920s, Wilson 1929, USDA 1944) linked to AHTUS/BLS modern surveys. Draft version: NBER Working Paper w13985 (May 2008, 63pp) — data tables are numerically identical to the published version; differences are prose tightening and table reformatting (5→5A/5B, etc.). Tier C (period-survey reconstruction). Key tables: Table 5A (nonemployed women), Table 6A (all women, prime-age), Table 7 (men, prime-age), Table 8A (all ages), Table 3 (component breakdown). Note: Ramey does not use the 1992-94 survey (missing data), so no 1990s benchmark. Splice point to ATUS: Ramey measures women-specific home production ages 18-64; ATUS measures all-adult household activities age 15+ — a concept splice that must caveat (Plan 004 Measure guard).", "short_cite": "Ramey, J. Econ. History 69(1), 2009", "measure": null, "expect": [ "Home Production", "Valerie A. Ramey" ] }, { "id": "seer-csr-1975-2017", "title": "SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2017, Table 2.9: All Cancer Sites — Relative Survival by Year of Diagnosis", "publisher": "National Cancer Institute (NIH), Surveillance Research Program", "year": 2020, "url": "https://seer.cancer.gov/archive/csr/1975_2017/results_merged/topic_survival_by_year_dx.pdf", "population": "Patients diagnosed with cancer in SEER 9 registry areas (San Francisco, Connecticut, Detroit, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, Seattle, Utah, Atlanta), all races, both sexes", "notes": "5-year relative survival rates by year of diagnosis, 1975-2016. SEER 9 registries cover ~10% of US population. Ederer II method.", "short_cite": "NCI SEER, Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2017, Table 2.9", "measure": null, "expect": [ "SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2017" ] }, { "id": "seer-statfacts-all-sites", "title": "SEER Cancer Stat Facts: Cancer of Any Site", "publisher": "National Cancer Institute (NIH)", "year": 2026, "url": "https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/all.html", "population": "Patients diagnosed with cancer (all sites) in SEER registry areas", "notes": "5-year relative survival 70.5% for 2016-2022 diagnoses. Updated annually.", "short_cite": "NCI SEER, Cancer Stat Facts — All Sites", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "statab-food-prices", "title": "Statistical Abstract of the United States: Average Retail Prices of Selected Foods", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau (data from BLS)", "year": 1970, "url": "https://www.census.gov/library/publications/time-series/statistical_abstracts.html", "population": "U.S. urban households, retail food prices collected by BLS in 51-56 cities", "notes": "Table 530 in the 1970 Statistical Abstract (91st edition). Data originally from BLS Retail Food Prices by Cities. Prices in cents per pound unless otherwise indicated. Covers 1950-1970 (April). Milk in cents per quart (delivered). Eggs in cents per dozen. Coffee in cents per 10 oz. Cross-checked against BLS Bulletin 1055 for 1950 values — exact match.", "short_cite": "Statistical Abstract, Table: Average Retail Prices of Selected Foods", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "statab-lfpr-marital", "title": "Statistical Abstract of the United States, Table 596: Labor Force Participation Rates by Marital Status, Sex, and Age", "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau (data from BLS Current Population Survey)", "year": 2010, "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2010/compendia/statab/130ed/tables/11s0596.xls", "population": "U.S. civilian noninstitutional population 16+, by marital status (CPS annual averages)", "notes": "Table 596 from the 2011 Statistical Abstract (130th edition). Annual averages of monthly CPS figures. Covers 1960-2009. 'Married, spouse present' = married civilians with spouse present in the household. File: 11s0596.xls (downloaded and verified). The series is the direct continuation of Historical Statistics Vol 1, Series D 49-62 (which ends at 1970). The 1970 figure (40.5%) is close to but not identical to the Hist Stats figure (40.8%) due to CPS processing differences.", "short_cite": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract, Table 596 (BLS CPS data)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "terramedia-tv-licences", "title": "UK television receiving licences (annual counts, from 1946)", "publisher": "BBC / TV Licensing (compiled by terramededia.co.uk)", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.terramedia.co.uk/reference/statistics/television/television_licences.htm", "population": "UK television receiving licence holders at 31 March each year (one licence required per household operating any TV set)", "notes": "Annual count of television receiving licences, at 31 March. A TV licence was mandatory for any household operating a television set, so the count is a close proxy for TV-owning households (slight undercount from evasion). Combined sound-and-television licences were introduced 1 June 1946; colour TV licences from 1968. terramededia.co.uk compiles the BBC / TV Licensing administrative series (URL resolves HTTP 200, verified 2026-07). The count is NOT a household percentage and is not directly comparable to the post-1972 GHS household-% diffusion series without a household-count denominator.", "short_cite": "BBC / TV Licensing, UK television receiving licences (terramedia.co.uk compilation)", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "umizzou-prices-wages", "title": "Prices and Wages by Decade", "publisher": "University of Missouri Libraries", "year": 2024, "url": "https://libraryguides.missouri.edu/pricesandwages/quotable-facts", "population": "Various (links to primary sources)", "notes": "Secondary source — librarian-curated guide to primary sources by decade (1890s-2020s). Use as a finding aid; cite the underlying primary source, not this guide.", "short_cite": "University of Missouri Libraries, Prices and Wages by Decade", "measure": null, "expect": [] }, { "id": "usda-ers-aib758", "title": "Understanding the Dynamics of Produce Markets: Consumption and Consolidation Grow (Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 758)", "publisher": "U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service", "year": 2000, "url": "https://www.ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/publications/42294/32086_aib758_002.pdf", "population": "The average U.S. supermarket produce department — figures ERS relays from Litwak's trade surveys of supermarket firms (Supermarket Business, 1988 and 1998 volumes, reporting 1987 and 1997), not a government census of stores", "notes": "Page 3 carries the assortment pair: stockkeeping units in the produce department were 173 in 1987 and 335 in 1997, a 94-percent increase, per Litwak 1988 and 1998 — a commercial period-survey proxy relayed by a federal bulletin. The facts are Tier C; federal republication does not make the underlying trade survey official microdata. The same sentence pair carries the floor-area contrast (4,817 to 5,140 square feet, under seven percent) that shows the assortment densifying into nearly the same space. A stockkeeping unit is a distinct shelf item — one commodity in one form, package or brand — not a commodity; do not read these counts against the FADS commodity variety, which measures a different thing. The remembered '~100 items in 1980 rising to ~400 by 1997' pair that circulates is wrong on both ends and both years and appears nowhere in this document.", "short_cite": "USDA ERS, AIB-758 (2000)", "measure": null, "expect": [ "173", "335", "Litwak" ] }, { "id": "usda-ers-fads", "title": "Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System — fresh fruit and fresh vegetable availability", "publisher": "U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service", "year": 2024, "url": "https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-availability-per-capita-data-system", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average per person, not a measure of what anyone ate or of who ate it", "notes": "Per-commodity sheets of the fresh-fruit and fresh-vegetable workbooks, farm-weight 'Per capita availability' column. Availability is a disappearance estimate: production plus imports, less exports, non-food use and (for fruit) shipments to US territories, divided by population. It measures what the food supply made available per person, not intake — ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for consumption-like figures and this is not it. Each sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a stated conversion factor (0.92 broccoli and peppers, 0.94 avocados, 0.91 grapes); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. The two workbooks do not share a layout — the fruit sheets carry an extra 'Shipments to U.S. Territories' column and print the 'Farm' sub-header a row lower — so the extraction locates every column by its printed label and then verifies the result arithmetically: farm per-capita must equal food availability divided by population, for every year. Pointed one column right, at the retail figures, that check rejects all four commodities.", "short_cite": "USDA ERS, Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System", "measure": null, "expect": [ "Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System" ] }, { "id": "usda-hfcs-1955-report1", "title": "Food Consumption of Households in the United States (Household Food Consumption Survey, 1955, Report No. 1)", "publisher": "U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and Agricultural Marketing Service", "year": 1956, "url": "https://archive.org/download/CAT10849964/CAT10849964.pdf", "population": "All US housekeeping households of 1 or more persons — one spring week, April-June 1955; percentages based on the survey's weighted household distribution (its Table 1, weighted to include one-quarter farm). 'Food used' is the survey's economic sense: eaten, discarded, or fed to pets, from all sources including home-produced", "notes": "The survey's national report, 202 pp. Household-use percentages for fresh vegetables are Table 14 (FRESH VEGETABLES), United States / All urbanizations section, printed p. 111 of the archive scan (PDF page 115): the dark-green-and-deep-yellow group total, its dark-green-leafy total, spinach, other leafy, broccoli, carrots and green peppers columns (2)-(8), each in all-sources and purchased-only variants, over 'percentage of households using' rows. The same table repeats per urbanization section (nonfarm, urban, rural nonfarm, rural farm) with a DIFFERENT column plan per section — columns must not be mixed across sections. The scan is a negative microfilm whose text layer garbles some digits; every curated value was closed against the survey's own arithmetic instead (All-households row = Table-1-weighted mean of its 1-person and 2+-person rows) — see the verification log, 'Plan 027 WI-6 (1955 checkpoint)'.", "short_cite": "USDA, Household Food Consumption Survey 1955, Report No. 1 (1956)", "measure": null, "expect": [ "FRESH VEGETABLES", "Broccoli", "PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS USING" ] }, { "id": "worldbank-itu-telecom", "title": "Mobile Cellular Subscriptions (World Bank/ITU)", "publisher": "World Bank (International Telecommunication Union data)", "year": 2024, "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/ITCELSETSP2USA", "population": "All mobile cellular subscriptions in the United States", "notes": "Subscriptions per 100 people. Source: ITU (International Telecommunication Union) via World Bank. US data originally from CTIA/FCC filings. 1990: 2.1, 1995: 12.7, 1998: 25.1, 2000: 38.9 per 100 people. Does not equal household penetration (multiple subscriptions per household are common after 2000).", "short_cite": "World Bank/ITU, FRED series ITCELSETSP2USA", "measure": null, "expect": [] } ], "assumptions": [ { "id": "affordability-normalization", "title": "The affordability axis", "statement": "\"Hours to afford\" = item price ÷ that decade's representative hourly wage. \"% of income\" = item price ÷ median annual family income. Both are computed by repo code (affordability.py), never hand-authored in data files. The named wage and income anchors are shown in each fact's provenance drawer so the visitor can see which population the denominator was drawn from." }, { "id": "composite-family", "title": "The composite family", "statement": "Each room is a statistical composite, assembled from separate distributions with separate sources. The family at the median income did not also have the median house, the median car, and the median diet. No single family described here ever existed; each fact tells you, in its provenance drawer, which real population it was measured from." }, { "id": "cpi-inflation-of-base-price", "title": "CPI inflation of a base-year price", "statement": "When a price series ends before the room's data year, the latest base price is inflated to the current year using the CPI for that item (e.g. new-vehicles CPI for a car). The computation is code (base × CPI_target / CPI_base), not a hand-quoted number; the result is an estimate, not a transcription, and carries the weakest input tier. The item-specific CPI (not the all-items CPI) is used so the inflation reflects the item's actual price change, not general inflation." }, { "id": "dwelling-size-metric", "title": "Rooms, not square feet", "statement": "The durable cross-decade dwelling-size axis is number of rooms (Census of Housing 1940→, IPUMS, and the pre-1940 cost-of-living surveys all recorded it). Square footage exists only for new construction from 1973 (Census SOC / Characteristics of New Housing) and for existing stock from roughly 1985 (AHS unit square footage). The home panel uses rooms as the comparable size metric across the whole span and shows square footage only where the record has it — never back-filled." }, { "id": "four-person-normalization", "title": "Getting to a family of four", "statement": "Most sources publish medians for all families or all households, not for four-person families. Where a by-size series exists (e.g. US Census Historical Income Tables, Table F-8) it is used directly; otherwise the all-family median is shown and labeled as such, or equivalized using the OECD-modified scale with the arithmetic shown. The fact's label always states which population the number describes." }, { "id": "hours-vs-income-denominator", "title": "Why hours, not budget share", "statement": "The affordability axis divides a period price by the room's stated wage anchor. It measures hours at that average or proxy wage, not hours for a known median worker. Using nominal prices and wages from the same period avoids an inflation conversion but does not remove differences in populations, products or years. The income axis is a share of annual income, not a budget share. A budget share requires a compatible expenditure denominator; where one is unavailable the museum does not substitute income and call it a budget." }, { "id": "income-vs-consumption", "title": "Income vs consumption", "statement": "Some countries and eras measure household consumption, not income (India's National Sample Survey; the pre-1940 US cost-of-living surveys). Rooms built on consumption data say so; consumption and income medians are never mixed in one comparison without a note." }, { "id": "jp-deflation-lost-decades", "title": "Japan's lost decades: nominal stagnation amid real gains", "statement": "From the 1990s onward Japan experienced persistent deflation: nominal wages and prices stagnated or declined while real (CPI-adjusted) values rose. This is the opposite of the US/UK inflation pattern. Cross-decade comparisons of nominal values understated real change; the affordability axis (hours-to-afford) is inflation-free and therefore the more reliable comparator for Japan's post-1990 decades." }, { "id": "jp-household-not-family", "title": "Japanese surveys measure households, not four-person families", "statement": "Japan's Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) publishes by household type (two-or-more-person, one-person) and by household composition, not by a 'four-person family' median. The four-person-normalization assumption applies: where a by-household-size table exists, a four-person figure may be derivable, but it is not as cleanly published as the US Census F-8 table. All Japan room facts measure households and carry the composite-family disclaimer." }, { "id": "jp-kakei-1962-seam", "title": "FIES was urban-only before 1962", "statement": "The Family Income and Expenditure Survey covered only cities before 1962; national coverage (including rural and agricultural households) began in 1963. Pre-1962 income and expenditure facts are urban-only and carry the urban-rural-split caveat. The 1962 extension is a methodology seam — series chaining across it must flag the population change." }, { "id": "manufacturing-wage-proxy", "title": "Manufacturing wages as the early-era worker proxy", "statement": "Before 1964 no broad, all-sector hourly earnings series exists. The wage anchor for 1900s–1930s (and the manufacturing series 1939–1963) is average hourly earnings of manufacturing production workers — a population that skews urban, industrial, and male. It stands in for 'the worker' where no broader series exists, the same proxy the 1950s room already uses. Cross-decade comparisons that chain manufacturing wages to total-private earnings (1964→) carry the weaker tier and flag the splice; the source's verbatim population string rides in the anchor note so the visitor sees who was actually measured." }, { "id": "metropolitan-definition", "title": "Metropolitan area definition", "statement": "The IPUMS METRO variable classifies households as in/not-in a metropolitan area based on Census-defined metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). MSAs did not exist before 1949; pre-1950 metro classification uses retrospective assignments. 'Suburban' is operationalized as METRO code 3 (in metro area, not central city), which is a derived category — the Census does not use 'suburban' as an official classification. Metro/non-metro income splits use IPUMS 1% sample microdata (Tier B), weighted by HHWT." }, { "id": "nominal-values", "title": "Values are shown in period money", "statement": "Values display in nominal, contemporaneous local units — what the family actually saw. Any inflation adjustment is computed by code in this repository with the price index series named, never applied by hand in the data files." }, { "id": "produce-variety-rule", "title": "The produce-variety count and its one-pound rule", "statement": "The derived produce-variety fact counts, for one stated year per decade, how many fresh fruit and vegetable commodities the US food supply provided at least a full pound of per person — farm-weight availability, as ERS publishes it. The candidate set is every commodity sheet in the two ERS fresh workbooks, enumerated by id in the derivation, never a filename convention. The count is computed by the build from those committed series, never authored. Commodities whose ERS series had not begun or had ended by the stated year are outside both the count and the displayed total, so a widening record cannot masquerade as rising variety: the value always shows count of tracked. Availability is a disappearance estimate — what the supply made available, not what anyone ate." }, { "id": "shortage-economy", "title": "Shortage economies", "statement": "In rationed or shortage economies (the USSR, PRL-era Poland), money income overstates lifestyle: the binding constraint was availability, not price. Rooms for these eras pair income facts with availability facts (rationing, queue time, waiting lists) so the income number cannot be read as if it bought a Western basket." }, { "id": "uk-household-not-family", "title": "UK income statistics measure households by type, not a four-person family", "statement": "The UK has no published counterpart to the US Census four-person-family income median. The closest is the ONS 'Effects of taxes and benefits' series, which reports averages by household type; the museum's UK income anchor is its non-retired 'two adults with two children' household. Three consequences ride with it and are stated on every fact that uses it: it is a mean, not a median; the two adults are not necessarily the children's parents; and it is disposable income — after cash benefits and direct tax — where the US rooms' anchor is gross money income. The two are therefore not the same measure and the comparator will not chain them (see the Measure enum in model.py). The four-person-normalization and composite-family assumptions apply as they do elsewhere." }, { "id": "uk-wage-anchor-all-employees", "title": "The UK wage anchor is the median over all employee jobs", "statement": "The UK hourly-wage anchor is ASHE's median gross hourly pay across all employee jobs — full- and part-time, both sexes. It is deliberately not the full-time median, which is the figure usually quoted as 'the' UK wage and runs roughly 12% higher; the all-jobs median is the one that describes the hour of work actually available in the labour market. Every fact using it carries the full-time median beside it so the gap is visible rather than implied. Because it is a median and the US anchor is a mean of a narrower population, the two are different measures and are not chained." }, { "id": "urban-rural-split", "title": "Urban/rural splits", "statement": "Where the urban/rural divide dominates the distribution (China, India), a single national median is misleading; rooms carry separate urban and rural facts instead of a blended number. Early US sources have the opposite bias: the 1890s-1930s surveys measured urban wage-earner families specifically, and their facts are tiered and labeled accordingly." }, { "id": "wage-anchor-consistency", "title": "The wage anchor changes across the span", "statement": "Wage anchors are averages or historical wage proxies, not a continuous median-worker series. Early rooms use historical reconstructions; the 1947, 1960 and 1970 anchors use the published total-private production/nonsupervisory predecessor series, while the 1950 anchor is manufacturing-only. From 1980 the room anchors use total-private production/nonsupervisory earnings. Read each room source and year: manufacturing and total-private observations cannot be treated as one population, and a change in source or tier is not a measured change in worker composition." } ], "series": [ { "id": "cpi-apparel", "label": "CPI-U: apparel, U.S. city average, annual average", "source": "bls-api", "tier": "A", "unit": "CPI-U index (1982-84=100), annual average", "population": "All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), U.S. city average, apparel", "values": { "1913": 14.9, "1914": 15.0, "1915": 15.3, "1916": 16.8, "1917": 20.2, "1918": 27.3, "1919": 36.2, "1920": 43.1, "1921": 33.2, "1922": 27.0, "1923": 27.1, "1924": 26.8, "1925": 26.3, "1926": 25.9, "1927": 25.3, "1928": 25.0, "1929": 24.7, "1930": 24.2, "1931": 22.0, "1932": 19.5, "1933": 18.8, "1934": 20.6, "1935": 20.8, "1936": 21.0, "1937": 22.0, "1938": 21.9, "1939": 21.6, "1940": 21.8, "1941": 22.8, "1942": 26.7, "1943": 27.8, "1944": 29.8, "1945": 31.4, "1946": 34.4, "1947": 39.9, "1948": 42.5, "1949": 40.8, "1950": 40.3, "1951": 43.9, "1952": 43.5, "1953": 43.1, "1954": 43.1, "1955": 42.9, "1956": 43.7, "1957": 44.5, "1958": 44.6, "1959": 45.0, "1960": 45.7, "1961": 46.1, "1962": 46.3, "1963": 46.9, "1964": 47.3, "1965": 47.8, "1966": 49.0, "1967": 51.0, "1968": 53.7, "1969": 56.8, "1970": 59.2, "1971": 61.1, "1972": 62.3, "1973": 64.6, "1974": 69.4, "1975": 72.5, "1976": 75.2, "1977": 78.6, "1978": 81.4, "1979": 84.9, "1980": 90.9, "1981": 95.3, "1982": 97.8, "1983": 100.2, "1984": 102.1, "1985": 105.0, "1986": 105.9, "1987": 110.6, "1988": 115.4, "1989": 118.6, "1990": 124.1, "1991": 128.7, "1992": 131.9, "1993": 133.7, "1994": 133.4, "1995": 132.0, "1996": 131.7, "1997": 132.9, "1998": 133.0, "1999": 131.3, "2000": 129.6, "2001": 127.3, "2002": 124.0, "2003": 120.9, "2004": 120.4, "2005": 119.5, "2006": 119.5, "2007": 118.998, "2008": 118.907, "2009": 120.078, "2010": 119.503, "2011": 122.111, "2012": 126.265, "2013": 127.411, "2014": 127.514, "2015": 125.903, "2016": 126.045, "2017": 125.612, "2018": 125.654, "2019": 124.052, "2020": 118.079, "2021": 120.993, "2022": 127.081, "2023": 130.579, "2024": 131.483 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "BLS series CUUR0000SAA, official annual averages (period M13) via the BLS Public Data API.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "cpi-food", "label": "CPI-U: food, U.S. city average, annual average", "source": "bls-api", "tier": "A", "unit": "CPI-U index (1982-84=100), annual average", "population": "All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), U.S. city average, food", "values": { "1913": 10.0, "1914": 10.2, "1915": 10.0, "1916": 11.3, "1917": 14.5, "1918": 16.7, "1919": 18.6, "1920": 21.0, "1921": 15.9, "1922": 14.9, "1923": 15.4, "1924": 15.2, "1925": 16.5, "1926": 17.0, "1927": 16.4, "1928": 16.3, "1929": 16.5, "1930": 15.6, "1931": 12.9, "1932": 10.7, "1933": 10.4, "1934": 11.6, "1935": 12.4, "1936": 12.6, "1937": 13.1, "1938": 12.1, "1939": 11.8, "1940": 12.0, "1941": 13.1, "1942": 15.4, "1943": 17.1, "1944": 16.9, "1945": 17.3, "1946": 19.8, "1947": 24.1, "1948": 26.1, "1949": 25.0, "1950": 25.4, "1951": 28.2, "1952": 28.7, "1953": 28.3, "1954": 28.2, "1955": 27.8, "1956": 28.0, "1957": 28.9, "1958": 30.2, "1959": 29.7, "1960": 30.0, "1961": 30.4, "1962": 30.6, "1963": 31.1, "1964": 31.5, "1965": 32.2, "1966": 33.8, "1967": 34.1, "1968": 35.3, "1969": 37.1, "1970": 39.2, "1971": 40.4, "1972": 42.1, "1973": 48.2, "1974": 55.1, "1975": 59.8, "1976": 61.6, "1977": 65.5, "1978": 72.0, "1979": 79.9, "1980": 86.8, "1981": 93.6, "1982": 97.4, "1983": 99.4, "1984": 103.2, "1985": 105.6, "1986": 109.0, "1987": 113.5, "1988": 118.2, "1989": 125.1, "1990": 132.4, "1991": 136.3, "1992": 137.9, "1993": 140.9, "1994": 144.3, "1995": 148.4, "1996": 153.3, "1997": 157.3, "1998": 160.7, "1999": 164.1, "2000": 167.8, "2001": 173.1, "2002": 176.2, "2003": 180.0, "2004": 186.2, "2005": 190.7, "2006": 195.2, "2007": 202.916, "2008": 214.106, "2009": 217.955, "2010": 219.625, "2011": 227.842, "2012": 233.777, "2013": 237.037, "2014": 242.725, "2015": 247.235, "2016": 247.931, "2017": 250.065, "2018": 253.558, "2019": 258.316, "2020": 267.219, "2021": 277.756, "2022": 305.388, "2023": 322.965, "2024": 330.263 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "BLS series CUUR0000SAF1, official annual averages (period M13) via the BLS Public Data API.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "cpi-new-vehicles", "label": "CPI-U, New Vehicles (annual average)", "source": "bls-cpi-new-vehicles", "tier": "A", "unit": "CPI-U index, 1982-84 = 100, new vehicles", "population": "All Urban Consumers, U.S. city average, new vehicles", "values": { "2019": 146.834, "2020": 147.6, "2021": 156.24, "2022": 172.48, "2023": 178.899, "2024": 177.886 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "cpi-rent", "label": "CPI-U: rent of primary residence, U.S. city average, annual average", "source": "bls-api", "tier": "A", "unit": "CPI-U index (1982-84=100), annual average", "population": "All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), U.S. city average, rent of primary residence", "values": { "1913": 21.0, "1914": 21.0, "1915": 21.1, "1916": 21.3, "1917": 21.2, "1918": 21.5, "1919": 23.3, "1920": 27.4, "1921": 31.5, "1922": 32.4, "1923": 33.2, "1924": 34.4, "1925": 34.6, "1926": 34.2, "1927": 33.7, "1928": 32.9, "1929": 32.1, "1930": 31.2, "1931": 29.6, "1932": 26.5, "1933": 22.9, "1934": 21.4, "1935": 21.4, "1936": 21.9, "1937": 22.9, "1938": 23.7, "1939": 23.7, "1940": 23.7, "1941": 24.2, "1942": 24.7, "1943": 24.7, "1944": 24.8, "1945": 24.8, "1946": 25.0, "1947": 25.8, "1948": 27.5, "1949": 28.7, "1950": 29.7, "1951": 30.9, "1952": 32.2, "1953": 33.9, "1954": 35.1, "1955": 35.6, "1956": 36.3, "1957": 37.0, "1958": 37.6, "1959": 38.2, "1960": 38.7, "1961": 39.2, "1962": 39.7, "1963": 40.1, "1964": 40.5, "1965": 40.9, "1966": 41.5, "1967": 42.2, "1968": 43.3, "1969": 44.7, "1970": 46.5, "1971": 48.7, "1972": 50.4, "1973": 52.5, "1974": 55.2, "1975": 58.0, "1976": 61.1, "1977": 64.8, "1978": 69.3, "1979": 74.3, "1980": 80.9, "1981": 87.9, "1982": 94.6, "1983": 100.1, "1984": 105.3, "1985": 111.8, "1986": 118.3, "1987": 123.1, "1988": 127.8, "1989": 132.8, "1990": 138.4, "1991": 143.3, "1992": 146.9, "1993": 150.3, "1994": 154.0, "1995": 157.8, "1996": 162.0, "1997": 166.7, "1998": 172.1, "1999": 177.5, "2000": 183.9, "2001": 192.1, "2002": 199.7, "2003": 205.5, "2004": 211.0, "2005": 217.3, "2006": 225.1, "2007": 234.679, "2008": 243.271, "2009": 248.812, "2010": 249.385, "2011": 253.638, "2012": 260.367, "2013": 267.725, "2014": 276.162, "2015": 286.032, "2016": 296.82, "2017": 308.143, "2018": 319.289, "2019": 331.124, "2020": 341.468, "2021": 349.135, "2022": 370.199, "2023": 399.643, "2024": 420.06 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "BLS series CUUR0000SEHA, official annual averages (period M13) via the BLS Public Data API.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "cpi-u", "label": "CPI-U: all items, U.S. city average, annual average", "source": "fred-cpiaucns", "tier": "A", "unit": "CPI-U index (1982-84=100), annual average", "population": "All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), U.S. city average, all items", "values": { "1913": 9.9, "1914": 10.0, "1915": 10.1, "1916": 10.9, "1917": 12.8, "1918": 15.1, "1919": 17.3, "1920": 20.0, "1921": 17.9, "1922": 16.8, "1923": 17.1, "1924": 17.1, "1925": 17.5, "1926": 17.7, "1927": 17.4, "1928": 17.1, "1929": 17.1, "1930": 16.7, "1931": 15.2, "1932": 13.7, "1933": 13.0, "1934": 13.4, "1935": 13.7, "1936": 13.9, "1937": 14.4, "1938": 14.1, "1939": 13.9, "1940": 14.0, "1941": 14.7, "1942": 16.3, "1943": 17.3, "1944": 17.6, "1945": 18.0, "1946": 19.5, "1947": 22.3, "1948": 24.1, "1949": 23.8, "1950": 24.1, "1951": 26.0, "1952": 26.5, "1953": 26.7, "1954": 26.9, "1955": 26.8, "1956": 27.2, "1957": 28.1, "1958": 28.9, "1959": 29.1, "1960": 29.6, "1961": 29.9, "1962": 30.2, "1963": 30.6, "1964": 31.0, "1965": 31.5, "1966": 32.4, "1967": 33.4, "1968": 34.8, "1969": 36.7, "1970": 38.8, "1971": 40.5, "1972": 41.8, "1973": 44.4, "1974": 49.3, "1975": 53.8, "1976": 56.9, "1977": 60.6, "1978": 65.2, "1979": 72.6, "1980": 82.4, "1981": 90.9, "1982": 96.5, "1983": 99.6, "1984": 103.9, "1985": 107.6, "1986": 109.6, "1987": 113.6, "1988": 118.3, "1989": 124.0, "1990": 130.7, "1991": 136.2, "1992": 140.3, "1993": 144.5, "1994": 148.2, "1995": 152.4, "1996": 156.9, "1997": 160.5, "1998": 163.0, "1999": 166.6, "2000": 172.2, "2001": 177.1, "2002": 179.9, "2003": 184.0, "2004": 188.9, "2005": 195.3, "2006": 201.6, "2007": 207.342, "2008": 215.303, "2009": 214.537, "2010": 218.056, "2011": 224.939, "2012": 229.594, "2013": 232.957, "2014": 236.736, "2015": 237.017, "2016": 240.007, "2017": 245.12, "2018": 251.107, "2019": 255.657, "2020": 258.811, "2021": 270.97, "2022": 292.655, "2023": 304.702, "2024": 313.689 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "BLS series CUUR0000SA0, official annual averages (period M13) via the BLS Public Data API.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "hourly-earnings-manufacturing", "label": "Average hourly earnings, manufacturing production/nonsupervisory", "source": "fred-ces-manuf-earnings", "tier": "A", "unit": "USD per hour, nominal (annual mean of 12 monthly values)", "population": "Production and nonsupervisory employees in manufacturing", "values": { "1939": 0.4942, "1940": 0.5275, "1941": 0.6058, "1942": 0.7392, "1943": 0.8567, "1944": 0.9117, "1945": 0.8983, "1946": 0.9467, "1947": 1.0933, "1948": 1.2058, "1949": 1.2525, "1950": 1.3158, "1951": 1.4467, "1952": 1.5267, "1953": 1.63, "1954": 1.6625, "1955": 1.74, "1956": 1.8383, "1957": 1.9308, "1958": 1.9858, "1959": 2.075, "1960": 2.1458, "1961": 2.1983, "1962": 2.2717, "1963": 2.34, "1964": 2.4067, "1965": 2.4917, "1966": 2.5975, "1967": 2.7067, "1968": 2.8867, "1969": 3.07, "1970": 3.2342, "1971": 3.4492, "1972": 3.6983, "1973": 3.9683, "1974": 4.3092, "1975": 4.7033, "1976": 5.0925, "1977": 5.5492, "1978": 6.045, "1979": 6.5717, "1980": 7.1508, "1981": 7.8683, "1982": 8.3633, "1983": 8.6917, "1984": 9.0508, "1985": 9.3983, "1986": 9.5942, "1987": 9.77, "1988": 10.0508, "1989": 10.3508, "1990": 10.7725, "1991": 11.1292, "1992": 11.4025, "1993": 11.6942, "1994": 12.0308, "1995": 12.34, "1996": 12.745, "1997": 13.1342, "1998": 13.4483, "1999": 13.8508, "2000": 14.3142, "2001": 14.7592, "2002": 15.2908, "2003": 15.7425, "2004": 16.1433, "2005": 16.5533, "2006": 16.8067, "2007": 17.2608, "2008": 17.7508, "2009": 18.2417, "2010": 18.6058, "2011": 18.9217, "2012": 19.0633, "2013": 19.2842, "2014": 19.5533, "2015": 19.8992, "2016": 20.4358, "2017": 20.88, "2018": 21.5175, "2019": 22.1275, "2020": 22.7942, "2021": 23.7992, "2022": 25.0517, "2023": 26.3508, "2024": 27.7842 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "BLS CES series CES3000000008 (Average Hourly Earnings of Production and Nonsupervisory Employees, Manufacturing), monthly, annualized as the mean of 12 months. Predecessor to AHETPI (which is total private, 1964->).", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "hourly-earnings-total-private", "label": "Average hourly earnings, total private production/nonsupervisory", "source": "fred-ahetpi", "tier": "A", "unit": "USD per hour, nominal (annual mean of 12 monthly values)", "population": "Production and nonsupervisory employees, total private sector", "values": { "1964": 2.535, "1965": 2.6292, "1966": 2.7342, "1967": 2.855, "1968": 3.0242, "1969": 3.2175, "1970": 3.4042, "1971": 3.6267, "1972": 3.9, "1973": 4.1383, "1974": 4.4375, "1975": 4.7383, "1976": 5.0592, "1977": 5.4375, "1978": 5.8758, "1979": 6.3392, "1980": 6.8458, "1981": 7.4333, "1982": 7.865, "1983": 8.1983, "1984": 8.4875, "1985": 8.7342, "1986": 8.9242, "1987": 9.1417, "1988": 9.4358, "1989": 9.8042, "1990": 10.1975, "1991": 10.5133, "1992": 10.77, "1993": 11.0475, "1994": 11.3342, "1995": 11.6475, "1996": 12.0383, "1997": 12.5017, "1998": 13.005, "1999": 13.4858, "2000": 14.0083, "2001": 14.5367, "2002": 14.96, "2003": 15.36, "2004": 15.6833, "2005": 16.115, "2006": 16.7392, "2007": 17.4075, "2008": 18.065, "2009": 18.6058, "2010": 19.0517, "2011": 19.4375, "2012": 19.7242, "2013": 20.1325, "2014": 20.5958, "2015": 21.0258, "2016": 21.5392, "2017": 22.0433, "2018": 22.7008, "2019": 23.5058, "2020": 24.6842, "2021": 25.91, "2022": 27.565, "2023": 28.9175, "2024": 30.1217 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "FRED AHETPI monthly, seasonally adjusted, annualized by averaging 12 months per year. Covers all private-sector production/nonsupervisory employees (not manufacturing-only).", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "median-family-income-4p", "label": "Median family income, four-person families", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "population": "Four-person US families, CPS money income (Census Table F-8, All Races)", "values": {}, "values_minor": { "1947": 329200, "1948": 346800, "1949": 337800, "1950": 367500, "1951": 412200, "1952": 437300, "1955": 491900, "1956": 531900, "1957": 548800, "1958": 568500, "1959": 607000, "1960": 629500, "1961": 643700, "1962": 675600, "1963": 713800, "1964": 748800, "1965": 780000, "1966": 834100, "1967": 899400, "1968": 983400, "1969": 1062000, "1970": 1117000, "1971": 1163000, "1972": 1281000, "1973": 1371000, "1974": 1497000, "1975": 1585000, "1976": 1732000, "1977": 1872000, "1978": 2043000, "1979": 2251000, "1980": 2433000, "1981": 2627000, "1982": 2762000, "1983": 2918000, "1984": 3110000, "1985": 3278000, "1986": 3472000, "1987": 3709000, "1988": 3905000, "1989": 4076000, "1990": 4145000, "1991": 4306000, "1992": 4425000, "1993": 4516000, "1994": 4701000, "1995": 4969000, "1996": 5152000, "1997": 5335000, "1998": 5606000, "1999": 5976000, "2000": 6267000, "2001": 6328000, "2002": 6273000, "2003": 6509000, "2004": 6602000, "2005": 7031000, "2006": 7342000, "2007": 7568000, "2008": 7647000, "2009": 7441000, "2010": 7475000, "2011": 7557000, "2012": 7970000, "2013": 8161000, "2014": 8341000, "2015": 8814000, "2016": 9075000, "2017": 9604000, "2018": 9763000, "2019": 10660000, "2020": 10770000, "2021": 11230000, "2022": 11920000, "2023": 12570000, "2024": 13990000 }, "currency": "USD", "notes": "Census Table F-8 (f08ar, All Races revised), median income in current dollars. Years 2017 and 2013 each appear twice in the source (methodology breaks, footnotes 40/39-38); the headline (first-listed, revised) value is kept.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "median-family-income-all", "label": "Median family income, all families", "source": "census-f08-allraces", "tier": "A", "unit": "USD per year, nominal", "population": "All US families, CPS money income (Census Table F-8, All Races)", "values": {}, "values_minor": { "1947": 303100, "1948": 318700, "1949": 310700, "1950": 331900, "1951": 370900, "1952": 389000, "1953": 424200, "1954": 416700, "1955": 441800, "1956": 478000, "1957": 496600, "1958": 508700, "1959": 541700, "1960": 562000, "1961": 573500, "1962": 595600, "1963": 624900, "1964": 656900, "1965": 695700, "1966": 753200, "1967": 793300, "1968": 863200, "1969": 943300, "1970": 986700, "1971": 1029000, "1972": 1112000, "1973": 1205000, "1974": 1290000, "1975": 1372000, "1976": 1496000, "1977": 1601000, "1978": 1764000, "1979": 1959000, "1980": 2102000, "1981": 2239000, "1982": 2343000, "1983": 2458000, "1984": 2643000, "1985": 2774000, "1986": 2946000, "1987": 3097000, "1988": 3219000, "1989": 3421000, "1990": 3535000, "1991": 3594000, "1992": 3657000, "1993": 3696000, "1994": 3878000, "1995": 4061000, "1996": 4230000, "1997": 4457000, "1998": 4674000, "1999": 4883000, "2000": 5073000, "2001": 5141000, "2002": 5168000, "2003": 5268000, "2004": 5406000, "2005": 5619000, "2006": 5841000, "2007": 6136000, "2008": 6152000, "2009": 6009000, "2010": 6024000, "2011": 6097000, "2012": 6224000, "2013": 6547000, "2014": 6663000, "2015": 7070000, "2016": 7271000, "2017": 7614000, "2018": 7865000, "2019": 8601000, "2020": 8435000, "2021": 8859000, "2022": 9275000, "2023": 10080000, "2024": 10580000 }, "currency": "USD", "notes": "Census Table F-8 (f08ar, All Races revised), median income in current dollars. Years 2017 and 2013 each appear twice in the source (methodology breaks, footnotes 40/39-38); the headline (first-listed, revised) value is kept.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "median-home-value-acs", "label": "Median value of owner-occupied homes (ACS B25077)", "source": "census-acs-homevalue", "tier": "A", "unit": "USD, nominal (median value of owner-occupied housing)", "population": "Owner-occupied housing units (ACS 1-year estimates, Table B25077)", "values": {}, "values_minor": { "2010": 17990000, "2014": 18120000, "2019": 24050000, "2024": 36060000 }, "currency": "USD", "notes": "ACS Table B25077 median value of owner-occupied housing units, 1-year estimates. Only years with a local CSV are present; missing years are gaps.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "median-home-value-decennial", "label": "Median value of owner-occupied homes (decennial census)", "source": "census-historical-housing-values", "tier": "A", "unit": "USD, nominal (median value of owner-occupied housing)", "population": "All U.S. owner-occupied housing units (decennial census, median value)", "values": {}, "values_minor": { "1940": 293800, "1950": 735400, "1960": 1190000, "1970": 1700000, "1980": 4720000, "1990": 7910000, "2000": 11960000 }, "currency": "USD", "notes": "Decennial census median home values from the Census Historical Housing Tables (values-unadj.txt, U.S. row). Self-reported owner values; decennial only before ACS began in 2005.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "new-car-price", "label": "Average transaction price per new car (domestic + import)", "source": "bea-new-car-price", "tier": "A", "unit": "USD, nominal (average transaction price)", "population": "All new passenger cars sold in the U.S. (domestic + import), excluding pickups, vans, and SUVs", "values": {}, "values_minor": { "1970": 354300, "1980": 755700, "1990": 1503300, "2000": 2103000, "2010": 2490700, "2020": 2736600 }, "currency": "USD", "notes": "BEA average transaction price per new car (ORNL TEDB Table 11.13, Edition 40). Sparse: only decade-point years are transcribed from the curated decade facts; the 45 intervening years are gaps pending the TEDB annual table file. Domestic + import passenger cars, excluding pickups, vans, and SUVs.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-apples", "label": "Fresh apples available per person, 1970-2021", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 17.23, "1971": 16.62, "1972": 15.68, "1973": 16.28, "1974": 16.56, "1975": 19.68, "1976": 17.24, "1977": 16.69, "1978": 18.14, "1979": 17.34, "1980": 19.41, "1981": 17.01, "1982": 17.7, "1983": 18.43, "1984": 18.52, "1985": 17.42, "1986": 18.0, "1987": 21.02, "1988": 20.02, "1989": 21.43, "1990": 19.81, "1991": 18.33, "1992": 19.37, "1993": 19.22, "1994": 19.58, "1995": 18.89, "1996": 18.88, "1997": 18.28, "1998": 19.19, "1999": 18.71, "2000": 17.64, "2001": 15.76, "2002": 16.16, "2003": 17.06, "2004": 18.97, "2005": 16.81, "2006": 17.9, "2007": 16.55, "2008": 16.02, "2009": 16.34, "2010": 15.39, "2011": 15.56, "2012": 16.15, "2013": 17.54, "2014": 18.84, "2015": 17.6, "2016": 19.28, "2017": 18.17, "2018": 16.9, "2019": 17.67, "2020": 16.27, "2021": 15.81 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh apples per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.96); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-apricots", "label": "Fresh apricots available per person, 1970-2021", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 0.12, "1971": 0.13, "1972": 0.08, "1973": 0.09, "1974": 0.06, "1975": 0.08, "1976": 0.1, "1977": 0.09, "1978": 0.07, "1979": 0.08, "1980": 0.1, "1981": 0.1, "1982": 0.08, "1983": 0.08, "1984": 0.13, "1985": 0.16, "1986": 0.1, "1987": 0.08, "1988": 0.16, "1989": 0.09, "1990": 0.16, "1991": 0.13, "1992": 0.15, "1993": 0.13, "1994": 0.15, "1995": 0.1, "1996": 0.09, "1997": 0.14, "1998": 0.12, "1999": 0.12, "2000": 0.15, "2001": 0.08, "2002": 0.09, "2003": 0.13, "2004": 0.12, "2005": 0.13, "2006": 0.08, "2007": 0.16, "2008": 0.13, "2009": 0.14, "2010": 0.12, "2011": 0.12, "2012": 0.1, "2013": 0.11, "2014": 0.12, "2015": 0.08, "2016": 0.13, "2017": 0.09, "2018": 0.12, "2019": 0.13, "2020": 0.08, "2021": 0.1 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh apricots per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.91); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-artichokes", "label": "Fresh artichokes available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 0.23, "1961": 0.28, "1962": 0.24, "1963": 0.25, "1964": 0.29, "1965": 0.33, "1966": 0.34, "1967": 0.37, "1968": 0.29, "1969": 0.32, "1970": 0.47, "1971": 0.51, "1972": 0.56, "1973": 0.49, "1974": 0.51, "1975": 0.49, "1976": 0.55, "1977": 0.46, "1978": 0.48, "1979": 0.61, "1980": 0.59, "1981": 0.75, "1982": 0.82, "1983": 0.73, "1984": 0.95, "1985": 1.02, "1986": 0.94, "1987": 0.99, "1988": 0.91, "1989": 0.97, "1990": 0.85, "1991": 0.83, "1992": 0.88, "1993": 0.86, "1994": 1.27, "1995": 0.92, "1996": 0.99, "1997": 1.01, "1998": 1.18, "1999": 1.32, "2000": 1.24, "2001": 1.23, "2002": 1.32, "2003": 1.44, "2004": 1.36, "2005": 1.4, "2006": 1.68, "2007": 1.55, "2008": 1.54, "2009": 1.52, "2010": 1.47, "2011": 1.7, "2012": 1.46, "2013": 1.28, "2014": 1.44, "2015": 1.41, "2016": 1.39, "2017": 1.43, "2018": 1.35, "2019": 1.37, "2020": 1.19, "2021": 1.23, "2022": 1.52 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh artichokes per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.93); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-asparagus", "label": "Fresh asparagus available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 0.71, "1961": 0.63, "1962": 0.58, "1963": 0.57, "1964": 0.54, "1965": 0.55, "1966": 0.45, "1967": 0.44, "1968": 0.46, "1969": 0.4, "1970": 0.44, "1971": 0.38, "1972": 0.4, "1973": 0.4, "1974": 0.39, "1975": 0.41, "1976": 0.43, "1977": 0.34, "1978": 0.29, "1979": 0.25, "1980": 0.29, "1981": 0.31, "1982": 0.38, "1983": 0.43, "1984": 0.41, "1985": 0.47, "1986": 0.6, "1987": 0.57, "1988": 0.58, "1989": 0.57, "1990": 0.59, "1991": 0.6, "1992": 0.6, "1993": 0.57, "1994": 0.56, "1995": 0.56, "1996": 0.58, "1997": 0.66, "1998": 0.73, "1999": 0.89, "2000": 0.96, "2001": 0.92, "2002": 0.96, "2003": 1.04, "2004": 1.12, "2005": 1.12, "2006": 1.13, "2007": 1.16, "2008": 1.18, "2009": 1.29, "2010": 1.37, "2011": 1.38, "2012": 1.45, "2013": 1.42, "2014": 1.65, "2015": 1.46, "2016": 1.56, "2017": 1.62, "2018": 1.76, "2019": 1.76, "2020": 1.81, "2021": 1.96, "2022": 1.68 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh asparagus per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.91); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-avocados", "label": "Fresh avocados available per person, 1970-2017", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 0.45, "1971": 0.83, "1972": 0.43, "1973": 0.71, "1974": 1.25, "1975": 0.73, "1976": 1.19, "1977": 1.13, "1978": 1.27, "1979": 0.85, "1980": 2.1, "1981": 1.56, "1982": 1.86, "1983": 2.21, "1984": 1.84, "1985": 1.52, "1986": 2.37, "1987": 1.59, "1988": 1.57, "1989": 1.08, "1990": 1.42, "1991": 1.44, "1992": 2.18, "1993": 1.34, "1994": 1.37, "1995": 1.59, "1996": 1.6, "1997": 1.75, "1998": 1.54, "1999": 1.94, "2000": 2.26, "2001": 2.47, "2002": 2.45, "2003": 2.69, "2004": 3.2, "2005": 3.49, "2006": 3.54, "2007": 3.53, "2008": 3.87, "2009": 4.28, "2010": 4.03, "2011": 5.14, "2013": 6.16, "2014": 7.03, "2015": 7.25, "2016": 6.91, "2017": 8.06 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh avocados per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.94); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-bananas", "label": "Fresh bananas available per person, 1970-2021", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 17.38, "1971": 18.06, "1972": 17.92, "1973": 18.16, "1974": 18.49, "1975": 17.64, "1976": 19.25, "1977": 19.21, "1978": 20.19, "1979": 20.98, "1980": 20.77, "1981": 21.48, "1982": 22.54, "1983": 21.25, "1984": 22.18, "1985": 23.48, "1986": 25.82, "1987": 25.02, "1988": 24.29, "1989": 24.71, "1990": 24.34, "1991": 25.03, "1992": 27.1, "1993": 26.58, "1994": 27.76, "1995": 27.06, "1996": 27.58, "1997": 27.14, "1998": 28.0, "1999": 30.69, "2000": 28.45, "2001": 26.63, "2002": 26.78, "2003": 26.17, "2004": 25.78, "2005": 25.18, "2006": 25.11, "2007": 25.95, "2008": 25.04, "2009": 22.01, "2010": 25.61, "2011": 25.55, "2013": 27.99, "2014": 27.86, "2015": 27.93, "2016": 27.44, "2017": 28.61, "2018": 28.28, "2019": 27.38, "2020": 27.22, "2021": 26.86 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh bananas per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 1.00); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-bell-peppers", "label": "Fresh bell peppers available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 2.08, "1961": 2.18, "1962": 2.02, "1963": 2.13, "1964": 2.02, "1965": 2.02, "1966": 2.1, "1967": 2.26, "1968": 2.5, "1969": 2.29, "1970": 2.16, "1971": 2.26, "1972": 2.4, "1973": 2.53, "1974": 2.72, "1975": 2.48, "1976": 2.67, "1977": 2.8, "1978": 2.77, "1979": 2.94, "1980": 2.89, "1981": 2.79, "1982": 2.97, "1983": 3.33, "1984": 3.62, "1985": 3.8, "1986": 3.97, "1987": 4.23, "1988": 4.48, "1989": 4.69, "1990": 5.88, "1991": 6.3, "1992": 7.1, "1993": 7.63, "1994": 7.06, "1995": 7.01, "1996": 8.07, "1997": 7.33, "1998": 7.76, "1999": 7.72, "2000": 8.19, "2001": 8.12, "2002": 8.26, "2003": 8.41, "2004": 8.64, "2005": 9.21, "2006": 9.46, "2007": 9.36, "2008": 9.48, "2009": 9.8, "2010": 10.33, "2011": 10.57, "2012": 10.75, "2013": 10.03, "2014": 10.72, "2015": 10.73, "2016": 11.08, "2017": 11.3, "2018": 11.17, "2019": 10.87, "2020": 10.73, "2021": 11.16, "2022": 11.06 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh bell peppers per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.92); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-blueberries", "label": "Fresh blueberries available per person, 1980-2021", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1980": 0.18, "1981": 0.16, "1982": 0.16, "1983": 0.14, "1984": 0.24, "1985": 0.25, "1986": 0.19, "1987": 0.19, "1988": 0.25, "1989": 0.23, "1990": 0.11, "1991": 0.17, "1992": 0.2, "1993": 0.26, "1994": 0.27, "1995": 0.32, "1996": 0.27, "1997": 0.29, "1998": 0.32, "1999": 0.31, "2000": 0.26, "2001": 0.34, "2002": 0.39, "2003": 0.38, "2004": 0.53, "2005": 0.44, "2006": 0.56, "2007": 0.59, "2008": 0.8, "2009": 0.96, "2010": 1.12, "2011": 1.29, "2012": 1.33, "2013": 1.41, "2014": 1.52, "2015": 1.6, "2016": 1.78, "2017": 1.74, "2018": 2.0, "2019": 2.33, "2020": 2.34, "2021": 2.54 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh blueberries per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.92); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-broccoli", "label": "Fresh broccoli available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 0.4, "1961": 0.44, "1962": 0.33, "1963": 0.37, "1964": 0.33, "1965": 0.32, "1966": 0.31, "1967": 0.29, "1968": 0.44, "1969": 0.46, "1970": 0.53, "1971": 0.72, "1972": 0.7, "1973": 0.76, "1974": 0.79, "1975": 0.99, "1976": 1.08, "1977": 1.23, "1978": 0.99, "1979": 1.2, "1980": 1.4, "1981": 1.66, "1982": 1.99, "1983": 2.03, "1984": 2.46, "1985": 2.58, "1986": 3.05, "1987": 3.09, "1988": 3.77, "1989": 3.8, "1990": 3.37, "1991": 3.04, "1992": 3.42, "1993": 3.33, "1994": 4.43, "1995": 4.31, "1996": 4.52, "1997": 4.97, "1998": 5.04, "1999": 6.16, "2000": 5.89, "2001": 5.4, "2002": 5.35, "2003": 5.35, "2004": 5.31, "2005": 5.34, "2006": 5.76, "2007": 5.64, "2008": 6.03, "2009": 6.21, "2010": 5.95, "2011": 5.94, "2012": 6.31, "2013": 6.93, "2014": 6.65, "2015": 7.41, "2016": 7.45, "2017": 7.12, "2018": 5.94, "2019": 5.91, "2020": 5.86, "2021": 5.06, "2022": 5.24 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh broccoli per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.92); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-brussels-sprouts", "label": "Fresh Brussels sprouts available per person, 1970-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 0.32, "1971": 0.3, "1972": 0.28, "1973": 0.27, "1974": 0.33, "1975": 0.31, "1976": 0.35, "1977": 0.35, "1978": 0.35, "1979": 0.37, "1980": 0.29, "1981": 0.36, "1982": 0.32, "1983": 0.29, "1984": 0.31, "1985": 0.33, "1986": 0.33, "1987": 0.26, "1988": 0.26, "1989": 0.34, "1990": 0.32, "1991": 0.3, "1992": 0.28, "1993": 0.35, "1994": 0.32, "1995": 0.34, "1996": 0.33, "1997": 0.25, "1998": 0.28, "1999": 0.26, "2000": 0.28, "2001": 0.23, "2002": 0.2, "2003": 0.24, "2004": 0.25, "2005": 0.29, "2006": 0.28, "2007": 0.3, "2008": 0.32, "2009": 0.28, "2010": 0.28, "2011": 0.35, "2012": 0.41, "2013": 0.43, "2014": 0.46, "2015": 0.7, "2016": 0.83, "2017": 0.85, "2018": 0.92, "2019": 0.97, "2020": 1.3, "2021": 0.99, "2022": 1.06 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh brussels sprouts per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.92); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-cabbage", "label": "Fresh cabbage available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 10.53, "1961": 9.82, "1962": 9.81, "1963": 9.78, "1964": 9.35, "1965": 9.09, "1966": 8.75, "1967": 9.27, "1968": 9.28, "1969": 8.84, "1970": 8.67, "1971": 8.82, "1972": 8.37, "1973": 8.86, "1974": 8.83, "1975": 8.91, "1976": 8.36, "1977": 8.28, "1978": 8.55, "1979": 8.05, "1980": 8.0, "1981": 8.15, "1982": 8.56, "1983": 8.21, "1984": 8.57, "1985": 8.74, "1986": 8.64, "1987": 9.08, "1988": 9.01, "1989": 8.6, "1990": 8.34, "1991": 8.2, "1992": 8.66, "1993": 9.32, "1994": 9.08, "1995": 8.12, "1996": 8.26, "1997": 9.01, "1998": 8.43, "1999": 7.55, "2000": 8.9, "2001": 8.83, "2002": 8.3, "2003": 7.4, "2004": 8.04, "2005": 7.76, "2006": 7.75, "2007": 7.95, "2008": 8.05, "2009": 7.25, "2010": 7.46, "2011": 6.56, "2012": 6.26, "2013": 6.93, "2014": 6.7, "2015": 6.29, "2016": 5.91, "2017": 6.2, "2018": 5.68, "2019": 6.35, "2020": 6.13, "2021": 5.89, "2022": 6.17 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh cabbage per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.93); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-cantaloupe", "label": "Fresh cantaloupe available per person, 1970-2021", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 7.01, "1971": 6.64, "1972": 6.77, "1973": 5.88, "1974": 5.14, "1975": 5.05, "1976": 5.05, "1977": 5.52, "1978": 6.58, "1979": 6.12, "1980": 5.85, "1981": 6.12, "1982": 7.67, "1983": 6.54, "1984": 7.67, "1985": 8.47, "1986": 9.43, "1987": 9.15, "1988": 7.86, "1989": 10.36, "1990": 9.23, "1991": 8.64, "1992": 8.47, "1993": 8.61, "1994": 8.38, "1995": 8.97, "1996": 10.28, "1997": 10.52, "1998": 10.64, "1999": 11.38, "2000": 11.12, "2001": 11.16, "2002": 11.1, "2003": 10.79, "2004": 9.81, "2005": 9.58, "2006": 9.25, "2007": 9.58, "2008": 8.87, "2009": 9.05, "2010": 8.54, "2011": 8.65, "2012": 7.52, "2013": 8.28, "2014": 6.6, "2015": 6.77, "2016": 7.55, "2017": 7.34, "2018": 7.05, "2019": 5.7, "2020": 5.36, "2021": 5.16 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh cantaloupe per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.92); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-carrots", "label": "Fresh carrots available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 7.22, "1961": 6.78, "1962": 6.85, "1963": 7.2, "1964": 6.77, "1965": 6.89, "1966": 6.29, "1967": 6.41, "1968": 7.35, "1969": 5.88, "1970": 5.97, "1971": 6.12, "1972": 6.54, "1973": 6.7, "1974": 6.91, "1975": 6.44, "1976": 6.41, "1977": 5.31, "1978": 5.31, "1979": 5.89, "1980": 6.15, "1981": 6.12, "1982": 6.6, "1983": 6.49, "1984": 6.68, "1985": 6.49, "1986": 6.48, "1987": 8.3, "1988": 7.09, "1989": 8.09, "1990": 8.29, "1991": 7.71, "1992": 8.29, "1993": 10.85, "1994": 12.68, "1995": 11.19, "1996": 12.37, "1997": 14.11, "1998": 9.53, "1999": 9.25, "2000": 9.2, "2001": 9.38, "2002": 8.42, "2003": 8.78, "2004": 8.72, "2005": 8.66, "2006": 8.11, "2007": 8.05, "2008": 8.07, "2009": 7.39, "2010": 7.76, "2011": 7.5, "2012": 7.95, "2013": 8.02, "2014": 8.49, "2015": 8.8, "2016": 7.82, "2017": 7.35, "2018": 12.21, "2019": 8.31, "2020": 8.1, "2021": 8.1, "2022": 8.38 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh carrots per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.97); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-cauliflower", "label": "Fresh cauliflower available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 1.28, "1961": 1.12, "1962": 1.15, "1963": 1.11, "1964": 1.03, "1965": 1.01, "1966": 0.95, "1967": 0.93, "1968": 0.96, "1969": 0.89, "1970": 0.74, "1971": 0.69, "1972": 0.83, "1973": 0.76, "1974": 0.79, "1975": 0.92, "1976": 1.03, "1977": 1.09, "1978": 0.79, "1979": 1.09, "1980": 1.13, "1981": 1.37, "1982": 1.33, "1983": 1.41, "1984": 1.82, "1985": 1.84, "1986": 2.19, "1987": 2.13, "1988": 2.19, "1989": 2.31, "1990": 2.19, "1991": 1.95, "1992": 1.81, "1993": 2.09, "1994": 2.02, "1995": 1.64, "1996": 1.72, "1997": 1.77, "1998": 1.46, "1999": 1.76, "2000": 1.74, "2001": 1.52, "2002": 1.43, "2003": 1.56, "2004": 1.56, "2005": 1.75, "2006": 1.7, "2007": 1.68, "2008": 1.57, "2009": 1.73, "2010": 1.33, "2011": 1.25, "2012": 1.18, "2013": 1.33, "2014": 1.29, "2015": 1.58, "2016": 1.66, "2017": 2.37, "2018": 2.5, "2019": 3.03, "2020": 2.65, "2021": 2.25, "2022": 2.12 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh cauliflower per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.92); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-celery", "label": "Fresh celery available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 7.99, "1961": 7.78, "1962": 7.22, "1963": 7.11, "1964": 6.86, "1965": 6.77, "1966": 6.97, "1967": 6.86, "1968": 7.2, "1969": 7.33, "1970": 7.27, "1971": 7.27, "1972": 7.13, "1973": 7.56, "1974": 7.35, "1975": 6.94, "1976": 7.36, "1977": 7.05, "1978": 7.07, "1979": 7.07, "1980": 7.37, "1981": 7.27, "1982": 7.41, "1983": 7.0, "1984": 7.12, "1985": 6.88, "1986": 6.49, "1987": 6.59, "1988": 7.15, "1989": 7.47, "1990": 7.19, "1991": 6.73, "1992": 7.32, "1993": 7.26, "1994": 7.24, "1995": 6.93, "1996": 7.03, "1997": 6.55, "1998": 6.47, "1999": 6.53, "2000": 6.27, "2001": 6.41, "2002": 6.3, "2003": 6.27, "2004": 6.23, "2005": 5.92, "2006": 6.08, "2007": 6.29, "2008": 6.22, "2009": 6.17, "2010": 6.13, "2011": 5.98, "2012": 5.96, "2013": 5.48, "2014": 5.54, "2015": 5.15, "2016": 5.04, "2017": 4.74, "2018": 4.9, "2019": 5.17, "2020": 5.11, "2021": 4.72, "2022": 4.15 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh celery per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.93); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-collards", "label": "Fresh collards available per person, 1997-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1997": 0.79, "1998": 0.79, "1999": 0.78, "2000": 0.77, "2001": 0.77, "2002": 0.76, "2003": 0.87, "2004": 0.85, "2005": 0.74, "2006": 0.65, "2007": 1.03, "2008": 1.05, "2009": 1.06, "2010": 1.28, "2011": 0.8, "2012": 1.01, "2013": 1.17, "2014": 1.41, "2015": 1.2, "2016": 1.01, "2017": 1.19, "2018": 1.3, "2019": 1.28, "2020": 1.29, "2021": 1.27, "2022": 1.32 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh collards per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.88); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-cucumbers", "label": "Fresh cucumbers available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 2.99, "1961": 3.0, "1962": 2.78, "1963": 3.07, "1964": 2.99, "1965": 3.09, "1966": 2.92, "1967": 3.1, "1968": 2.89, "1969": 3.13, "1970": 2.82, "1971": 2.79, "1972": 2.97, "1973": 2.75, "1974": 2.96, "1975": 2.8, "1976": 3.08, "1977": 3.5, "1978": 3.81, "1979": 3.83, "1980": 3.86, "1981": 4.0, "1982": 4.19, "1983": 4.54, "1984": 4.65, "1985": 4.39, "1986": 4.62, "1987": 5.07, "1988": 4.82, "1989": 4.78, "1990": 4.67, "1991": 4.56, "1992": 4.93, "1993": 5.21, "1994": 5.36, "1995": 5.61, "1996": 5.93, "1997": 6.42, "1998": 6.49, "1999": 6.73, "2000": 6.35, "2001": 6.27, "2002": 6.62, "2003": 6.16, "2004": 6.43, "2005": 6.19, "2006": 6.14, "2007": 6.42, "2008": 6.39, "2009": 6.8, "2010": 6.73, "2011": 6.38, "2012": 7.12, "2013": 7.32, "2014": 7.43, "2015": 7.56, "2016": 8.12, "2017": 7.43, "2018": 7.99, "2019": 7.83, "2020": 7.55, "2021": 7.97, "2022": 8.15 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh cucumbers per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.92); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-eggplant", "label": "Fresh eggplant available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 0.27, "1961": 0.31, "1962": 0.29, "1963": 0.27, "1964": 0.27, "1965": 0.29, "1966": 0.26, "1967": 0.28, "1968": 0.21, "1969": 0.32, "1970": 0.33, "1971": 0.32, "1972": 0.39, "1973": 0.43, "1974": 0.41, "1975": 0.45, "1976": 0.46, "1977": 0.44, "1978": 0.49, "1979": 0.48, "1980": 0.48, "1981": 0.46, "1982": 0.51, "1983": 0.51, "1984": 0.47, "1985": 0.46, "1986": 0.47, "1987": 0.47, "1988": 0.39, "1989": 0.4, "1990": 0.4, "1991": 0.41, "1992": 0.47, "1993": 0.47, "1994": 0.52, "1995": 0.47, "1996": 0.6, "1997": 0.65, "1998": 0.7, "1999": 0.67, "2000": 0.81, "2001": 0.83, "2002": 0.72, "2003": 0.73, "2004": 0.72, "2005": 0.85, "2006": 0.85, "2007": 0.86, "2008": 0.78, "2009": 0.81, "2010": 0.74, "2011": 0.71, "2012": 0.81, "2013": 0.85, "2014": 0.85, "2015": 0.85, "2016": 0.86, "2017": 0.97, "2018": 0.81, "2019": 0.8, "2020": 0.97, "2021": 0.96, "2022": 1.01 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh eggplant per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.90); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-escarole", "label": "Fresh escarole available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 0.73, "1961": 0.71, "1962": 0.68, "1963": 0.72, "1964": 0.66, "1965": 0.65, "1966": 0.71, "1967": 0.69, "1968": 0.66, "1969": 0.66, "1970": 0.56, "1971": 0.57, "1972": 0.57, "1973": 0.58, "1974": 0.53, "1975": 0.51, "1976": 0.52, "1977": 0.47, "1978": 0.48, "1979": 0.49, "1980": 0.45, "1981": 0.44, "1982": 0.38, "1983": 0.39, "1984": 0.39, "1985": 0.39, "1986": 0.37, "1987": 0.34, "1988": 0.36, "1989": 0.33, "1990": 0.26, "1991": 0.25, "1992": 0.32, "1993": 0.3, "1994": 0.33, "1995": 0.3, "1996": 0.32, "1997": 0.3, "1998": 0.3, "1999": 0.23, "2000": 0.34, "2001": 0.35, "2002": 0.31, "2003": 0.32, "2004": 0.31, "2005": 0.25, "2006": 0.31, "2007": 0.27, "2008": 0.21, "2009": 0.18, "2010": 0.18, "2011": 0.28, "2012": 0.26, "2013": 0.19, "2014": 0.17, "2015": 0.09, "2016": 0.2, "2017": 0.21, "2018": 0.22, "2019": 0.22, "2020": 0.13, "2021": 0.23, "2022": 0.25 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh escarole per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.90); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-garlic", "label": "Fresh garlic available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 0.25, "1961": 0.15, "1962": 0.15, "1963": 0.21, "1964": 0.26, "1965": 0.28, "1966": 0.17, "1967": 0.25, "1968": 0.39, "1969": 0.51, "1970": 0.44, "1971": 0.3, "1972": 0.39, "1973": 0.52, "1974": 0.65, "1975": 0.72, "1976": 0.48, "1977": 0.6, "1978": 0.62, "1979": 0.92, "1980": 0.86, "1981": 0.66, "1982": 0.76, "1983": 1.0, "1984": 0.77, "1985": 1.06, "1986": 0.77, "1987": 1.19, "1988": 1.09, "1989": 1.01, "1990": 1.41, "1991": 1.49, "1992": 1.46, "1993": 1.75, "1994": 1.8, "1995": 1.85, "1996": 2.29, "1997": 2.0, "1998": 2.58, "1999": 3.29, "2000": 2.22, "2001": 2.42, "2002": 2.5, "2003": 2.83, "2004": 2.57, "2005": 2.44, "2006": 2.69, "2007": 2.72, "2008": 2.76, "2009": 2.45, "2010": 2.34, "2011": 2.32, "2012": 2.3, "2013": 2.26, "2014": 2.24, "2015": 2.38, "2016": 2.89, "2017": 2.97, "2018": 2.38, "2019": 1.82, "2020": 1.71, "2021": 1.72, "2022": 2.39 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh garlic per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.81); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-grapefruit", "label": "Fresh grapefruit available per person, 1970-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 8.22, "1971": 8.55, "1972": 8.56, "1973": 8.57, "1974": 8.21, "1975": 8.36, "1976": 9.26, "1977": 7.73, "1978": 8.35, "1979": 7.29, "1980": 7.3, "1981": 6.65, "1982": 7.2, "1983": 7.83, "1984": 5.98, "1985": 5.51, "1986": 6.13, "1987": 6.35, "1988": 6.69, "1989": 6.6, "1990": 4.59, "1991": 5.86, "1992": 5.92, "1993": 6.19, "1994": 6.07, "1995": 5.99, "1996": 5.84, "1997": 6.18, "1998": 5.93, "1999": 5.75, "2000": 5.09, "2001": 4.85, "2002": 4.63, "2003": 4.1, "2004": 4.14, "2005": 2.65, "2006": 2.31, "2007": 2.84, "2008": 3.16, "2009": 2.8, "2010": 2.76, "2011": 2.71, "2012": 2.37, "2013": 2.64, "2014": 2.4, "2015": 2.24, "2016": 1.97, "2017": 1.92, "2018": 1.56, "2019": 1.43, "2020": 1.68, "2021": 1.47, "2022": 1.15 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh grapefruit per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.97); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-grapes", "label": "Fresh grapes available per person, 1970-2021", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 2.92, "1971": 2.56, "1972": 2.54, "1973": 2.91, "1974": 3.17, "1975": 3.65, "1976": 3.57, "1977": 3.58, "1978": 3.12, "1979": 3.49, "1980": 4.01, "1981": 4.09, "1982": 5.77, "1983": 5.64, "1984": 6.14, "1985": 6.91, "1986": 7.16, "1987": 7.11, "1988": 7.77, "1989": 8.02, "1990": 7.91, "1991": 7.35, "1992": 7.21, "1993": 7.06, "1994": 7.11, "1995": 7.54, "1996": 6.8, "1997": 7.85, "1998": 7.25, "1999": 8.06, "2000": 7.52, "2001": 7.45, "2002": 8.5, "2003": 7.73, "2004": 7.87, "2005": 8.68, "2006": 7.67, "2007": 8.09, "2008": 8.34, "2009": 7.73, "2010": 7.98, "2011": 7.4, "2012": 7.63, "2013": 7.81, "2014": 7.73, "2015": 7.92, "2016": 8.14, "2017": 8.27, "2018": 8.1, "2019": 8.42, "2020": 8.22, "2021": 8.5 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh grapes per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.91); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-head-lettuce", "label": "Fresh head lettuce available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 21.41, "1961": 20.67, "1962": 20.06, "1963": 20.82, "1964": 20.41, "1965": 21.01, "1966": 20.93, "1967": 21.4, "1968": 21.83, "1969": 21.84, "1970": 22.38, "1971": 22.38, "1972": 22.44, "1973": 23.12, "1974": 23.5, "1975": 23.54, "1976": 24.23, "1977": 25.82, "1978": 25.07, "1979": 25.1, "1980": 25.63, "1981": 24.91, "1982": 24.94, "1983": 22.44, "1984": 24.94, "1985": 23.67, "1986": 21.94, "1987": 25.71, "1988": 27.04, "1989": 28.69, "1990": 27.75, "1991": 26.04, "1992": 25.79, "1993": 24.4, "1994": 25.01, "1995": 22.17, "1996": 21.57, "1997": 23.9, "1998": 22.32, "1999": 24.91, "2000": 23.46, "2001": 22.99, "2002": 22.54, "2003": 22.23, "2004": 21.26, "2005": 20.91, "2006": 20.05, "2007": 18.38, "2008": 16.85, "2009": 16.11, "2010": 15.93, "2011": 15.79, "2012": 15.95, "2013": 14.1, "2014": 14.49, "2015": 13.57, "2016": 16.74, "2017": 15.21, "2018": 12.26, "2019": 12.84, "2020": 11.65, "2021": 10.58, "2022": 10.34 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh head lettuce per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.93); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-honeydew", "label": "Fresh honeydew available per person, 1970-2021", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 0.91, "1971": 0.93, "1972": 1.04, "1973": 1.11, "1974": 1.01, "1975": 1.06, "1976": 1.02, "1977": 1.13, "1978": 1.55, "1979": 1.59, "1980": 1.42, "1981": 1.54, "1982": 1.83, "1983": 1.77, "1984": 1.82, "1985": 2.09, "1986": 2.43, "1987": 2.19, "1988": 2.35, "1989": 2.49, "1990": 2.06, "1991": 1.9, "1992": 2.1, "1993": 1.74, "1994": 2.0, "1995": 1.89, "1996": 2.04, "1997": 2.22, "1998": 2.34, "1999": 2.45, "2000": 2.26, "2001": 1.97, "2002": 2.19, "2003": 2.18, "2004": 2.05, "2005": 1.87, "2006": 1.88, "2007": 1.83, "2008": 1.68, "2009": 1.62, "2010": 1.67, "2011": 1.6, "2012": 1.48, "2013": 1.61, "2014": 1.65, "2015": 1.69, "2016": 1.85, "2017": 1.66, "2018": 1.73, "2019": 1.32, "2020": 1.23, "2021": 1.4 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh honeydew per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.92); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-kale", "label": "Fresh kale available per person, 1997-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1997": 0.42, "1998": 0.4, "1999": 0.39, "2000": 0.38, "2001": 0.37, "2002": 0.35, "2003": 0.31, "2004": 0.32, "2005": 0.28, "2006": 0.37, "2007": 0.39, "2008": 0.38, "2009": 0.36, "2010": 0.36, "2011": 0.36, "2012": 0.33, "2013": 0.41, "2014": 0.39, "2015": 0.45, "2016": 0.42, "2017": 0.56, "2018": 0.65, "2019": 0.65, "2020": 0.68, "2021": 1.05, "2022": 0.98 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh kale per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.88); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-kiwifruit", "label": "Fresh kiwifruit available per person, 1982-2021", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1982": 0.1, "1983": 0.1, "1984": 0.14, "1985": 0.18, "1986": 0.21, "1987": 0.28, "1988": 0.34, "1989": 0.48, "1990": 0.48, "1991": 0.32, "1992": 0.51, "1993": 0.52, "1994": 0.51, "1995": 0.51, "1996": 0.46, "1997": 0.52, "1998": 0.53, "1999": 0.52, "2000": 0.56, "2001": 0.44, "2002": 0.38, "2003": 0.38, "2004": 0.41, "2005": 0.45, "2006": 0.47, "2007": 0.44, "2008": 0.46, "2009": 0.5, "2010": 0.5, "2011": 0.58, "2012": 0.55, "2013": 0.46, "2014": 0.56, "2015": 0.63, "2016": 0.58, "2017": 0.61, "2018": 0.62, "2019": 0.64, "2020": 0.73, "2021": 0.8 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh kiwifruit per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.91); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-lemons", "label": "Fresh lemons available per person, 1970-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 2.06, "1971": 2.25, "1972": 1.87, "1973": 1.94, "1974": 2.01, "1975": 1.95, "1976": 1.89, "1977": 2.11, "1978": 2.13, "1979": 1.91, "1980": 1.92, "1981": 2.01, "1982": 2.07, "1983": 2.32, "1984": 2.16, "1985": 2.3, "1986": 2.47, "1987": 2.48, "1988": 2.47, "1989": 2.39, "1990": 2.6, "1991": 2.6, "1992": 2.53, "1993": 2.63, "1994": 2.65, "1995": 2.83, "1996": 2.86, "1997": 2.76, "1998": 2.46, "1999": 2.61, "2000": 2.44, "2001": 2.97, "2002": 3.34, "2003": 3.33, "2004": 3.12, "2005": 2.95, "2006": 4.15, "2007": 2.81, "2008": 1.97, "2009": 3.12, "2010": 2.79, "2011": 3.46, "2012": 3.94, "2013": 3.48, "2014": 3.42, "2015": 3.6, "2016": 4.15, "2017": 4.26, "2018": 4.23, "2019": 4.88, "2020": 4.9, "2021": 4.91, "2022": 4.94 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh lemons per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.96); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-lima-beans", "label": "Fresh lima beans available per person, 1989-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1989": 0.0, "1990": 0.0, "1991": 0.0, "1992": 0.05, "1993": 0.04, "1994": 0.06, "1995": 0.06, "1996": 0.04, "1997": 0.03, "1998": 0.02, "1999": 0.02, "2000": 0.05, "2001": 0.05, "2002": 0.07, "2003": 0.06, "2004": 0.07, "2005": 0.03, "2006": 0.04, "2007": 0.03, "2008": 0.02, "2009": 0.02, "2010": 0.01, "2011": 0.0, "2012": 0.01, "2013": 0.0, "2014": 0.0, "2015": 0.0, "2016": 0.0, "2017": 0.01, "2018": 0.01, "2019": 0.01, "2020": 0.01, "2021": 0.01, "2022": 0.01 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh lima beans per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.92); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-limes", "label": "Fresh limes available per person, 1970-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 0.17, "1971": 0.17, "1972": 0.21, "1973": 0.21, "1974": 0.2, "1975": 0.22, "1976": 0.25, "1977": 0.23, "1978": 0.22, "1979": 0.27, "1980": 0.36, "1981": 0.42, "1982": 0.38, "1983": 0.52, "1984": 0.45, "1985": 0.56, "1986": 0.58, "1987": 0.51, "1988": 0.56, "1989": 0.69, "1990": 0.66, "1991": 0.75, "1992": 1.02, "1993": 0.95, "1995": 1.18, "1996": 1.14, "1997": 1.15, "1998": 1.4, "1999": 1.33, "2000": 1.39, "2001": 1.5, "2002": 1.1, "2004": 1.85, "2005": 2.09, "2006": 2.26, "2007": 2.27, "2008": 2.48, "2009": 2.55, "2010": 2.57, "2011": 2.5, "2012": 2.57, "2013": 2.96, "2014": 3.07, "2015": 3.02, "2016": 3.48, "2017": 3.75, "2018": 4.06, "2019": 4.1, "2020": 4.27, "2021": 4.66, "2022": 4.59 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh limes per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.95); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-mangoes", "label": "Fresh mangoes available per person, 1970-2021", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 0.07, "1971": 0.09, "1972": 0.09, "1973": 0.11, "1974": 0.13, "1975": 0.16, "1976": 0.19, "1977": 0.15, "1978": 0.21, "1979": 0.21, "1980": 0.25, "1981": 0.2, "1982": 0.29, "1983": 0.43, "1984": 0.43, "1985": 0.43, "1986": 0.49, "1987": 0.56, "1988": 0.38, "1989": 0.51, "1990": 0.54, "1991": 0.85, "1992": 0.67, "1994": 0.97, "1995": 1.12, "1996": 1.34, "1997": 1.43, "1998": 1.49, "1999": 1.62, "2000": 1.75, "2001": 1.79, "2002": 1.97, "2003": 2.06, "2004": 2.02, "2005": 1.88, "2006": 2.1, "2007": 2.1, "2008": 2.1, "2009": 2.02, "2010": 2.24, "2011": 2.53, "2012": 2.49, "2013": 2.88, "2014": 2.52, "2015": 2.6, "2016": 2.97, "2017": 3.22, "2018": 3.17, "2019": 3.25, "2020": 3.63, "2021": 3.66 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh mangoes per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.95); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-mushrooms", "label": "Fresh mushrooms available per person, 1965-2021", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1965": 0.16, "1966": 0.21, "1967": 0.24, "1968": 0.28, "1969": 0.31, "1970": 0.29, "1971": 0.32, "1972": 0.37, "1973": 0.48, "1974": 0.59, "1975": 0.66, "1976": 0.7, "1977": 0.87, "1978": 1.04, "1979": 1.14, "1980": 1.21, "1981": 1.39, "1982": 1.46, "1983": 1.66, "1984": 1.78, "1985": 1.79, "1986": 1.9, "1987": 1.94, "1988": 2.0, "1989": 2.06, "1990": 2.02, "1991": 1.95, "1992": 2.01, "1993": 2.0, "1994": 2.04, "1995": 2.05, "1996": 2.1, "1997": 2.34, "1998": 2.48, "1999": 2.51, "2000": 2.6, "2001": 2.59, "2002": 2.63, "2003": 2.66, "2004": 2.62, "2005": 2.65, "2006": 2.58, "2007": 2.48, "2008": 2.46, "2009": 2.44, "2010": 2.6, "2011": 2.76, "2012": 2.74, "2013": 2.75, "2014": 2.92, "2015": 2.99, "2016": 2.96, "2017": 2.94, "2018": 2.79, "2019": 2.81, "2020": 2.6, "2021": 2.5 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh mushrooms per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.94); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-mustard-greens", "label": "Fresh mustard greens available per person, 1997-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1997": 0.68, "1998": 0.69, "1999": 0.69, "2000": 0.73, "2001": 0.78, "2002": 0.7, "2003": 0.8, "2004": 0.78, "2005": 0.68, "2006": 0.75, "2007": 0.61, "2008": 0.47, "2009": 0.42, "2010": 0.39, "2011": 0.34, "2012": 0.28, "2013": 0.26, "2014": 0.46, "2015": 0.33, "2016": 0.28, "2017": 0.48, "2018": 0.57, "2019": 0.66, "2020": 0.57, "2021": 0.62, "2022": 0.6 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh mustard greens per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.88); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-okra", "label": "Fresh okra available per person, 1974-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1974": 0.17, "1975": 0.18, "1976": 0.12, "1977": 0.17, "1978": 0.35, "1979": 0.38, "1980": 0.31, "1981": 0.34, "1982": 0.32, "1983": 0.45, "1984": 0.45, "1985": 0.38, "1986": 0.29, "1987": 0.21, "1988": 0.41, "1989": 0.44, "1990": 0.24, "1991": 0.25, "1992": 0.28, "1993": 0.38, "1994": 0.24, "1995": 0.38, "1996": 0.34, "1997": 0.23, "1998": 0.29, "1999": 0.27, "2000": 0.21, "2001": 0.27, "2002": 0.22, "2003": 0.33, "2004": 0.39, "2005": 0.44, "2006": 0.41, "2007": 0.45, "2008": 0.45, "2009": 0.45, "2010": 0.41, "2011": 0.46, "2012": 0.42, "2013": 0.31, "2014": 0.41, "2015": 0.39, "2016": 0.55, "2017": 0.49, "2018": 0.54, "2019": 0.64, "2020": 0.67, "2021": 0.6, "2022": 0.57 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh okra per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.88); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-onions", "label": "Fresh onions available per person, 1970-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 10.14, "1971": 10.73, "1972": 10.7, "1973": 10.24, "1974": 11.19, "1975": 10.5, "1976": 11.01, "1977": 11.07, "1978": 10.92, "1979": 11.44, "1980": 11.38, "1981": 10.73, "1982": 12.24, "1983": 12.17, "1984": 13.08, "1985": 13.62, "1986": 13.74, "1987": 13.41, "1988": 14.55, "1989": 14.76, "1990": 15.06, "1991": 15.69, "1992": 16.1, "1993": 17.17, "1994": 16.92, "1995": 17.78, "1996": 18.32, "1997": 18.84, "1998": 18.4, "1999": 18.48, "2000": 18.87, "2001": 18.47, "2002": 19.32, "2003": 19.51, "2004": 21.92, "2005": 20.9, "2006": 19.92, "2007": 21.61, "2008": 20.18, "2009": 19.58, "2010": 19.58, "2011": 19.13, "2012": 19.31, "2013": 18.49, "2014": 18.37, "2015": 18.26, "2016": 22.74, "2017": 25.04, "2018": 20.56, "2019": 19.85, "2020": 20.82, "2021": 20.81, "2022": 19.17 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh onions per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.94); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-oranges", "label": "Fresh oranges available per person, 1970-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 16.09, "1971": 15.69, "1972": 14.41, "1973": 14.35, "1974": 14.35, "1975": 15.81, "1976": 14.68, "1977": 13.38, "1978": 13.39, "1979": 11.44, "1980": 14.24, "1981": 12.33, "1982": 11.68, "1983": 15.01, "1984": 11.85, "1985": 11.59, "1986": 13.42, "1987": 12.81, "1988": 13.9, "1989": 12.17, "1990": 12.36, "1991": 8.43, "1992": 12.83, "1993": 14.13, "1994": 12.93, "1995": 11.82, "1996": 12.57, "1997": 13.91, "1998": 14.6, "1999": 8.37, "2000": 11.74, "2001": 11.88, "2002": 11.74, "2003": 11.9, "2004": 10.8, "2005": 11.43, "2006": 10.24, "2007": 7.46, "2008": 9.93, "2009": 9.06, "2010": 9.68, "2011": 9.97, "2012": 10.47, "2013": 10.39, "2014": 9.38, "2015": 8.68, "2016": 9.18, "2017": 8.04, "2018": 8.2, "2019": 8.46, "2020": 9.4, "2021": 8.15, "2022": 8.25 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh oranges per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.97); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-papayas", "label": "Fresh papayas available per person, 1970-2018", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 0.12, "1971": 0.1, "1972": 0.11, "1973": 0.14, "1974": 0.16, "1975": 0.16, "1976": 0.2, "1977": 0.25, "1978": 0.25, "1979": 0.17, "1980": 0.21, "1981": 0.22, "1982": 0.16, "1983": 0.18, "1984": 0.26, "1985": 0.18, "1986": 0.18, "1987": 0.19, "1988": 0.16, "1989": 0.14, "1990": 0.18, "1991": 0.17, "1992": 0.24, "1993": 0.28, "1994": 0.3, "1995": 0.37, "1996": 0.54, "1997": 0.47, "1998": 0.47, "1999": 0.62, "2000": 0.68, "2001": 0.78, "2002": 0.79, "2003": 0.87, "2004": 1.03, "2005": 0.94, "2006": 1.04, "2007": 1.08, "2008": 0.98, "2009": 1.2, "2010": 1.17, "2011": 1.05, "2013": 1.12, "2014": 1.14, "2018": 1.26 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh papayas per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.95); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-peaches", "label": "Fresh peaches available per person, 1970-2021", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 5.82, "1971": 5.66, "1972": 3.88, "1973": 4.26, "1974": 4.34, "1975": 4.98, "1976": 5.14, "1977": 5.09, "1978": 6.09, "1979": 6.66, "1980": 7.08, "1981": 6.87, "1982": 5.35, "1983": 5.43, "1984": 6.7, "1985": 5.5, "1986": 5.84, "1987": 6.05, "1988": 6.75, "1989": 5.86, "1990": 5.54, "1991": 6.41, "1992": 5.99, "1993": 5.84, "1994": 5.42, "1995": 5.32, "1996": 4.38, "1997": 5.51, "1998": 4.69, "1999": 5.28, "2000": 5.3, "2001": 5.16, "2002": 5.23, "2003": 5.17, "2004": 5.15, "2005": 4.83, "2006": 4.58, "2007": 4.46, "2008": 5.08, "2009": 4.41, "2010": 4.73, "2011": 4.47, "2012": 3.86, "2013": 3.02, "2014": 3.15, "2015": 2.91, "2016": 2.73, "2017": 2.66, "2018": 2.2, "2019": 2.08, "2020": 2.36, "2021": 2.37 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh peaches per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.95); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-pears", "label": "Fresh pears available per person, 1970-2021", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 1.92, "1971": 2.57, "1972": 2.31, "1973": 2.59, "1974": 2.51, "1975": 2.77, "1976": 2.85, "1977": 2.39, "1978": 2.31, "1979": 2.31, "1980": 2.64, "1981": 2.85, "1982": 2.87, "1983": 3.02, "1984": 2.56, "1985": 2.81, "1986": 3.0, "1987": 3.54, "1988": 3.25, "1989": 3.23, "1990": 3.26, "1991": 3.18, "1992": 3.16, "1993": 3.39, "1994": 3.48, "1995": 3.39, "1996": 3.09, "1997": 3.43, "1998": 3.47, "1999": 3.57, "2000": 3.43, "2001": 3.28, "2002": 3.09, "2003": 3.11, "2004": 2.98, "2005": 2.94, "2006": 3.22, "2007": 3.12, "2008": 3.14, "2009": 3.21, "2010": 2.93, "2011": 3.24, "2012": 2.78, "2013": 2.86, "2014": 2.87, "2015": 2.68, "2016": 2.78, "2017": 2.71, "2018": 2.94, "2019": 2.74, "2020": 2.86, "2021": 3.12 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh pears per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.95); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-pineapples", "label": "Fresh pineapples available per person, 1970-2021", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 0.7, "1971": 0.64, "1972": 0.77, "1973": 0.91, "1974": 0.9, "1975": 1.03, "1976": 1.14, "1977": 1.36, "1978": 1.43, "1979": 1.45, "1980": 1.49, "1981": 1.54, "1982": 1.65, "1983": 1.68, "1984": 1.5, "1985": 1.47, "1986": 1.72, "1987": 1.62, "1988": 1.76, "1989": 1.96, "1990": 2.05, "1991": 1.91, "1992": 1.99, "1993": 2.04, "1994": 2.02, "1995": 1.91, "1996": 1.89, "1997": 2.34, "1998": 2.75, "1999": 3.03, "2000": 3.22, "2001": 3.16, "2002": 3.82, "2003": 4.39, "2004": 4.43, "2005": 4.9, "2006": 5.2, "2007": 5.02, "2008": 5.07, "2009": 5.09, "2010": 5.7, "2011": 5.72, "2012": 6.42, "2013": 6.74, "2014": 7.19, "2015": 6.99, "2016": 7.28, "2017": 7.76, "2018": 7.81, "2019": 7.64, "2020": 7.3, "2021": 7.87 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh pineapples per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.95); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-potatoes", "label": "Fresh potatoes available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 81.0, "1961": 80.7, "1962": 76.1, "1963": 78.6, "1964": 74.8, "1965": 66.7, "1966": 71.7, "1967": 60.4, "1968": 65.3, "1969": 62.6, "1970": 61.81, "1971": 56.07, "1972": 57.85, "1973": 52.42, "1974": 49.35, "1975": 52.64, "1976": 49.45, "1977": 50.08, "1978": 45.97, "1979": 49.35, "1980": 51.12, "1981": 45.84, "1982": 47.11, "1983": 49.79, "1984": 48.3, "1985": 46.3, "1986": 48.82, "1987": 47.94, "1988": 49.61, "1989": 50.03, "1990": 46.74, "1991": 50.21, "1992": 48.33, "1993": 50.13, "1994": 49.63, "1995": 49.22, "1996": 49.94, "1997": 47.31, "1998": 46.86, "1999": 47.71, "2000": 47.15, "2001": 46.57, "2002": 44.27, "2003": 46.78, "2004": 45.84, "2005": 41.27, "2006": 38.58, "2007": 38.71, "2008": 37.83, "2009": 36.65, "2010": 36.81, "2011": 34.07, "2012": 34.56, "2013": 34.57, "2014": 33.62, "2015": 34.16, "2016": 33.73, "2017": 34.86, "2018": 33.05, "2019": 30.07, "2020": 30.26, "2021": 28.56, "2022": 28.41 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh potatoes per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.96); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-pumpkin", "label": "Fresh pumpkin available per person, 1987-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1987": 3.01, "1988": 3.81, "1989": 4.82, "1990": 4.43, "1991": 4.43, "1992": 4.06, "1993": 5.13, "1994": 5.49, "1995": 5.9, "1996": 5.77, "1997": 5.65, "1998": 6.36, "1999": 5.92, "2000": 4.6, "2001": 4.1, "2002": 4.01, "2003": 3.76, "2004": 4.51, "2005": 4.79, "2006": 4.68, "2007": 4.97, "2008": 4.68, "2009": 4.01, "2010": 4.37, "2011": 4.36, "2012": 5.04, "2013": 4.68, "2014": 5.33, "2015": 3.19, "2016": 5.97, "2017": 5.1, "2018": 5.39, "2019": 4.99, "2020": 5.66, "2021": 6.22, "2022": 5.62 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh pumpkin per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.90); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-radishes", "label": "Fresh radishes available per person, 1970-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 0.5, "1971": 0.56, "1972": 0.5, "1973": 0.56, "1974": 0.51, "1975": 0.63, "1976": 0.6, "1977": 0.66, "1978": 0.55, "1979": 0.59, "1980": 0.57, "1981": 0.57, "1982": 0.5, "1983": 0.55, "1984": 0.5, "1985": 0.51, "1986": 0.46, "1987": 0.51, "1988": 0.55, "1989": 0.71, "1990": 0.66, "1991": 0.55, "1992": 0.48, "1993": 0.52, "1994": 0.44, "1995": 0.41, "1996": 0.41, "1997": 0.51, "1998": 0.44, "1999": 0.39, "2000": 0.48, "2001": 0.51, "2002": 0.51, "2003": 0.35, "2004": 0.49, "2005": 0.5, "2006": 0.52, "2007": 0.52, "2008": 0.51, "2009": 0.46, "2010": 0.5, "2011": 0.41, "2012": 0.33, "2013": 0.47, "2014": 0.5, "2015": 0.49, "2016": 0.52, "2017": 0.53, "2018": 0.54, "2019": 0.54, "2020": 0.74, "2021": 0.77, "2022": 0.76 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh radishes per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.97); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-raspberries", "label": "Fresh raspberries available per person, 1992-2021", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1992": 0.04, "1993": 0.06, "1994": 0.08, "1995": 0.05, "1996": 0.05, "1997": 0.05, "1998": 0.04, "1999": 0.05, "2000": 0.06, "2001": 0.06, "2002": 0.06, "2003": 0.14, "2004": 0.13, "2005": 0.1, "2006": 0.25, "2007": 0.18, "2008": 0.15, "2009": 0.27, "2010": 0.2, "2011": 0.31, "2012": 0.32, "2013": 0.38, "2015": 0.91, "2016": 0.78, "2017": 0.88, "2018": 0.81, "2019": 0.87, "2020": 0.97, "2021": 0.92 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh raspberries per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.92); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-romaine", "label": "Fresh romaine available per person, 1985-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1985": 3.27, "1986": 2.37, "1987": 2.52, "1988": 3.2, "1989": 3.56, "1990": 3.77, "1991": 4.0, "1992": 4.67, "1993": 5.04, "1994": 5.68, "1995": 5.89, "1996": 5.82, "1997": 6.59, "1998": 6.61, "1999": 7.59, "2000": 8.39, "2001": 8.03, "2002": 9.59, "2003": 10.82, "2004": 11.98, "2005": 9.67, "2006": 11.98, "2007": 11.54, "2008": 10.41, "2009": 10.0, "2010": 12.01, "2011": 11.73, "2012": 11.93, "2013": 11.43, "2014": 10.8, "2015": 11.89, "2016": 14.53, "2017": 14.96, "2018": 12.06, "2019": 12.29, "2020": 14.26, "2021": 12.52, "2022": 12.7 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh romaine per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.93); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-snap-beans", "label": "Fresh snap beans available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 2.55, "1961": 2.49, "1962": 2.24, "1963": 2.19, "1964": 2.05, "1965": 2.0, "1966": 1.9, "1967": 1.96, "1968": 1.85, "1969": 1.76, "1970": 1.55, "1971": 1.51, "1972": 1.53, "1973": 1.43, "1974": 1.36, "1975": 1.45, "1976": 1.45, "1977": 1.34, "1978": 1.29, "1979": 1.31, "1980": 1.31, "1981": 1.26, "1982": 1.26, "1983": 1.24, "1984": 1.34, "1985": 1.26, "1986": 1.26, "1987": 1.22, "1988": 1.19, "1989": 1.19, "1990": 1.07, "1991": 1.12, "1992": 1.45, "1993": 1.52, "1994": 1.54, "1995": 1.64, "1996": 1.45, "1997": 1.35, "1998": 1.64, "1999": 1.9, "2000": 2.02, "2001": 2.17, "2002": 2.09, "2003": 1.97, "2004": 1.88, "2005": 1.8, "2006": 2.08, "2007": 2.2, "2008": 1.98, "2009": 1.75, "2010": 1.88, "2011": 1.73, "2012": 1.63, "2013": 1.62, "2014": 1.47, "2015": 1.59, "2016": 1.7, "2017": 1.55, "2018": 1.63, "2019": 1.38, "2020": 1.32, "2021": 1.26, "2022": 1.24 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh snap beans per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.94); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-spinach", "label": "Fresh spinach available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 0.84, "1961": 0.7, "1962": 0.6, "1963": 0.59, "1964": 0.55, "1965": 0.51, "1966": 0.44, "1967": 0.44, "1968": 0.39, "1969": 0.3, "1970": 0.3, "1971": 0.3, "1972": 0.28, "1973": 0.3, "1974": 0.28, "1975": 0.29, "1976": 0.31, "1977": 0.38, "1978": 0.34, "1979": 0.4, "1980": 0.44, "1981": 0.53, "1982": 0.55, "1983": 0.51, "1984": 0.53, "1985": 0.67, "1986": 0.58, "1987": 0.58, "1988": 0.6, "1989": 0.64, "1990": 0.76, "1991": 0.8, "1992": 0.82, "1993": 0.66, "1994": 0.75, "1995": 0.67, "1996": 0.63, "1997": 1.11, "1998": 0.97, "1999": 0.97, "2000": 1.37, "2001": 1.07, "2002": 1.43, "2003": 1.61, "2004": 1.85, "2005": 2.33, "2006": 1.96, "2007": 1.61, "2008": 1.71, "2009": 2.03, "2010": 1.68, "2011": 1.79, "2012": 1.56, "2013": 1.59, "2014": 1.67, "2015": 1.73, "2016": 1.97, "2017": 1.86, "2018": 1.87, "2019": 2.43, "2020": 1.82, "2021": 1.75, "2022": 2.15 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh spinach per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.88); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-squash", "label": "Fresh squash available per person, 1970-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 1.33, "1971": 1.39, "1972": 1.47, "1973": 1.52, "1974": 1.59, "1975": 1.67, "1976": 1.77, "1977": 1.91, "1978": 1.98, "1979": 2.16, "1980": 2.31, "1981": 2.32, "1982": 2.46, "1983": 2.56, "1984": 2.62, "1985": 2.67, "1986": 2.78, "1987": 2.88, "1988": 3.08, "1989": 3.45, "1990": 3.51, "1991": 3.67, "1992": 3.81, "1993": 3.78, "1994": 3.93, "1995": 3.75, "1996": 3.69, "1997": 3.85, "1998": 4.16, "1999": 4.1, "2000": 4.43, "2001": 4.2, "2002": 4.61, "2003": 4.29, "2004": 4.26, "2005": 4.42, "2006": 4.58, "2007": 4.13, "2008": 4.15, "2009": 4.39, "2010": 4.31, "2011": 4.39, "2012": 4.65, "2013": 4.44, "2014": 4.6, "2015": 4.64, "2016": 5.73, "2017": 5.69, "2018": 5.64, "2019": 5.77, "2020": 5.65, "2021": 5.71, "2022": 5.26 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh squash per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.90); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-strawberries", "label": "Fresh strawberries available per person, 1970-2021", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 1.73, "1971": 1.83, "1972": 1.67, "1973": 1.58, "1974": 1.83, "1975": 1.8, "1976": 1.66, "1977": 1.91, "1978": 2.12, "1979": 1.9, "1980": 1.97, "1981": 2.17, "1982": 2.37, "1983": 2.32, "1984": 2.96, "1985": 2.99, "1986": 2.89, "1987": 3.11, "1988": 3.33, "1989": 3.25, "1990": 3.24, "1991": 3.57, "1992": 3.59, "1993": 3.61, "1994": 4.04, "1995": 4.1, "1996": 4.32, "1997": 4.1, "1998": 3.92, "1999": 4.57, "2000": 3.36, "2001": 3.16, "2002": 3.77, "2003": 4.11, "2004": 4.26, "2005": 3.87, "2006": 3.93, "2007": 4.08, "2008": 4.1, "2009": 4.82, "2010": 5.01, "2011": 5.03, "2012": 5.62, "2013": 5.63, "2014": 5.69, "2015": 5.46, "2016": 5.75, "2017": 5.94, "2018": 6.32, "2019": 6.01, "2020": 7.13, "2021": 7.3 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh strawberries per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.92); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-sweet-corn", "label": "Fresh sweet corn available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 8.38, "1961": 8.44, "1962": 8.3, "1963": 8.22, "1964": 7.73, "1965": 7.98, "1966": 7.35, "1967": 7.91, "1968": 7.73, "1969": 7.85, "1970": 7.78, "1971": 7.46, "1972": 7.77, "1973": 7.91, "1974": 7.73, "1975": 7.77, "1976": 8.01, "1977": 7.56, "1978": 6.59, "1979": 6.48, "1980": 6.5, "1981": 6.23, "1982": 6.02, "1983": 6.14, "1984": 6.44, "1985": 6.41, "1986": 6.06, "1987": 6.26, "1988": 5.82, "1989": 6.53, "1990": 6.74, "1991": 5.91, "1992": 6.87, "1993": 6.98, "1994": 8.15, "1995": 7.82, "1996": 8.33, "1997": 8.29, "1998": 9.33, "1999": 9.09, "2000": 9.04, "2001": 9.17, "2002": 8.97, "2003": 9.17, "2004": 8.96, "2005": 8.65, "2006": 8.33, "2007": 9.22, "2008": 9.14, "2009": 9.17, "2010": 9.25, "2011": 8.17, "2012": 8.68, "2013": 8.88, "2014": 7.65, "2015": 8.62, "2016": 7.1, "2017": 7.22, "2018": 6.81, "2019": 5.11, "2020": 4.27, "2021": 4.26, "2022": 4.11 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh sweet corn per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.92); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-sweet-potatoes", "label": "Fresh sweet potatoes available per person, 1965-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1965": 6.64, "1966": 5.9, "1967": 5.84, "1968": 6.05, "1969": 5.87, "1970": 5.41, "1971": 4.93, "1972": 4.86, "1973": 5.03, "1974": 4.9, "1975": 5.37, "1976": 5.38, "1977": 4.72, "1978": 4.9, "1979": 5.07, "1980": 4.39, "1981": 4.67, "1982": 5.39, "1983": 4.49, "1984": 4.83, "1985": 5.26, "1986": 4.26, "1987": 4.3, "1988": 3.93, "1989": 3.92, "1990": 4.4, "1991": 3.87, "1992": 4.08, "1993": 3.66, "1994": 4.46, "1995": 4.21, "1996": 4.29, "1997": 4.26, "1998": 3.85, "1999": 3.72, "2000": 4.2, "2001": 4.37, "2002": 3.76, "2003": 4.7, "2004": 4.7, "2005": 4.54, "2006": 4.65, "2007": 5.09, "2008": 5.07, "2009": 5.25, "2010": 6.34, "2011": 7.11, "2012": 6.89, "2013": 6.29, "2014": 7.49, "2015": 7.56, "2016": 7.22, "2017": 8.01, "2018": 5.56, "2019": 7.14, "2020": 6.53, "2021": 6.36, "2022": 5.67 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh sweet potatoes per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (stated in the sheet); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-tangerines", "label": "Fresh tangerines available per person, 1970-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 2.04, "1971": 2.33, "1972": 2.07, "1973": 2.06, "1974": 2.23, "1975": 2.55, "1976": 2.36, "1977": 2.64, "1978": 2.07, "1979": 2.02, "1980": 2.07, "1981": 1.94, "1982": 1.93, "1983": 1.87, "1984": 1.81, "1985": 1.39, "1986": 1.54, "1987": 1.77, "1988": 1.77, "1989": 1.7, "1990": 1.32, "1991": 1.38, "1992": 1.93, "1993": 1.86, "1994": 2.1, "1995": 1.99, "1996": 2.15, "1997": 2.52, "1998": 2.17, "1999": 2.3, "2000": 2.86, "2001": 2.72, "2002": 2.55, "2003": 2.72, "2004": 2.77, "2005": 2.5, "2006": 2.68, "2007": 2.56, "2008": 3.07, "2009": 3.15, "2010": 3.77, "2011": 4.13, "2012": 4.16, "2013": 4.48, "2014": 4.98, "2015": 5.21, "2016": 5.27, "2017": 5.84, "2018": 5.91, "2019": 6.79, "2020": 6.71, "2021": 6.97, "2022": 6.01 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh tangerines per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.95); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-tomatoes", "label": "Fresh tomatoes available per person, 1960-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1960": 12.55, "1961": 12.53, "1962": 12.61, "1963": 12.0, "1964": 12.13, "1965": 12.03, "1966": 12.37, "1967": 12.31, "1968": 11.83, "1969": 11.88, "1970": 12.15, "1971": 11.34, "1972": 12.09, "1973": 12.48, "1974": 11.84, "1975": 12.0, "1976": 12.56, "1977": 12.36, "1978": 12.92, "1979": 12.42, "1980": 12.83, "1981": 12.31, "1982": 12.88, "1983": 13.47, "1984": 14.2, "1985": 14.85, "1986": 15.8, "1987": 15.85, "1988": 16.83, "1989": 16.84, "1990": 15.52, "1991": 15.36, "1992": 15.45, "1993": 16.3, "1994": 16.21, "1995": 16.84, "1996": 17.4, "1997": 17.29, "1998": 18.5, "1999": 19.07, "2000": 18.98, "2001": 19.2, "2002": 20.31, "2003": 19.41, "2004": 19.95, "2005": 20.15, "2006": 19.77, "2007": 19.21, "2008": 18.51, "2009": 19.59, "2010": 20.55, "2011": 20.97, "2012": 20.79, "2013": 20.24, "2014": 20.63, "2015": 20.56, "2016": 20.31, "2017": 20.13, "2018": 20.24, "2019": 18.33, "2020": 18.22, "2021": 18.79, "2022": 19.03 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh tomatoes per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.85); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-turnip-greens", "label": "Fresh turnip greens available per person, 1997-2022", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1997": 0.53, "1998": 0.51, "1999": 0.51, "2000": 0.52, "2001": 0.41, "2002": 0.46, "2003": 0.52, "2004": 0.51, "2005": 0.44, "2006": 0.58, "2007": 0.5, "2008": 0.42, "2009": 0.4, "2010": 0.4, "2011": 0.39, "2012": 0.31, "2013": 0.29, "2014": 0.51, "2015": 0.36, "2016": 0.3, "2017": 0.43, "2018": 0.43, "2019": 0.43, "2020": 0.32, "2021": 0.31, "2022": 0.31 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh turnip greens per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.88); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-availability-watermelon", "label": "Fresh watermelon available per person, 1970-2021", "source": "usda-ers-fads", "tier": "A", "unit": "pounds per person per year (farm weight)", "population": "The whole US resident population — a supply-side average, not a measure of who ate anything", "values": { "1970": 13.49, "1971": 13.04, "1972": 12.31, "1973": 12.74, "1974": 11.32, "1975": 11.44, "1976": 12.63, "1977": 12.62, "1978": 11.89, "1979": 11.4, "1980": 10.65, "1981": 11.65, "1982": 12.48, "1983": 11.31, "1984": 14.42, "1985": 13.5, "1986": 12.75, "1987": 12.98, "1988": 13.55, "1989": 13.62, "1990": 13.28, "1991": 12.73, "1992": 14.7, "1993": 14.19, "1994": 15.0, "1995": 15.16, "1996": 16.59, "1997": 15.49, "1998": 14.34, "1999": 15.21, "2000": 13.82, "2001": 15.01, "2002": 14.04, "2003": 13.54, "2004": 12.99, "2005": 13.55, "2006": 15.12, "2007": 14.41, "2008": 15.56, "2009": 14.92, "2010": 15.7, "2011": 13.83, "2012": 13.89, "2013": 14.48, "2014": 13.91, "2015": 14.87, "2016": 16.57, "2017": 16.25, "2018": 15.85, "2019": 15.18, "2020": 14.35, "2021": 14.39 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Fresh watermelon per capita, farm weight, from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. Availability is a disappearance estimate — production plus imports, less exports and non-food use, over population — so it is what the food supply made available per person, not what was eaten; ERS publishes a separate loss-adjusted series for that and this is not it. The sheet also prints a retail-weight column derived by a conversion factor (CF = 0.90); the unadjusted farm-weight column is taken and the factor is disclosed rather than applied. Verified against the sheet's own availability and population columns for every year.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-cigarettes-per-capita", "label": "Cigarette consumption per capita (adults 18+), USDA/ERS 1900-1994", "source": "cdc-mmwr-tobacco-surveillance", "tier": "A", "unit": "manufactured cigarettes per adult (18+) per year", "population": "U.S. adult population (18+); consumption basis includes overseas military from 1930", "values": { "1900": 54.0, "1901": 53.0, "1902": 60.0, "1903": 64.0, "1904": 66.0, "1905": 70.0, "1906": 86.0, "1907": 99.0, "1908": 105.0, "1909": 125.0, "1910": 151.0, "1911": 173.0, "1912": 223.0, "1913": 260.0, "1914": 267.0, "1915": 285.0, "1916": 395.0, "1917": 551.0, "1918": 697.0, "1919": 727.0, "1920": 665.0, "1921": 742.0, "1922": 770.0, "1923": 911.0, "1924": 982.0, "1925": 1085.0, "1926": 1191.0, "1927": 1279.0, "1928": 1366.0, "1929": 1504.0, "1930": 1485.0, "1931": 1399.0, "1932": 1245.0, "1933": 1334.0, "1934": 1483.0, "1935": 1564.0, "1936": 1754.0, "1937": 1847.0, "1938": 1830.0, "1939": 1900.0, "1940": 1976.0, "1941": 2236.0, "1942": 2585.0, "1943": 2956.0, "1944": 3039.0, "1945": 3449.0, "1946": 3446.0, "1947": 3416.0, "1948": 3505.0, "1949": 3480.0, "1950": 3552.0, "1951": 3744.0, "1952": 3886.0, "1953": 3778.0, "1954": 3546.0, "1955": 3597.0, "1956": 3650.0, "1957": 3755.0, "1958": 3953.0, "1959": 4073.0, "1960": 4171.0, "1961": 4266.0, "1962": 4266.0, "1963": 4345.0, "1964": 4194.0, "1965": 4258.0, "1966": 4287.0, "1967": 4280.0, "1968": 4186.0, "1969": 3993.0, "1970": 3985.0, "1971": 4037.0, "1972": 4043.0, "1973": 4148.0, "1974": 4141.0, "1975": 4122.0, "1976": 4091.0, "1977": 4043.0, "1978": 3970.0, "1979": 3861.0, "1980": 3849.0, "1981": 3836.0, "1982": 3739.0, "1983": 3488.0, "1984": 3446.0, "1985": 3370.0, "1986": 3274.0, "1987": 3197.0, "1988": 3096.0, "1989": 2926.0, "1990": 2817.0, "1991": 2713.0, "1992": 2640.0, "1993": 2539.0, "1994": 2493.0 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "MMWR SS-3 Table 1, per-capita column (USDA/ERS from ATF tax data, imports, Census population). 1993 provisional, 1994 projected (table footnotes). 1995-1999 have no published value in the archived record: the gap is the exhibit.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-cigarettes-per-capita-ttb", "label": "Cigarette consumption per capita (adults 18+), TTB removals 2000-2023", "source": "cdc-tobacco-consumption-2000", "tier": "A", "unit": "manufactured cigarettes per adult (18+) per year (taxable removals, domestic + imports)", "population": "U.S. adult population (18+), taxable removals basis", "values": { "2000": 2076.0, "2001": 2010.0, "2002": 1936.0, "2003": 1844.0, "2004": 1811.0, "2005": 1717.0, "2006": 1695.0, "2007": 1591.0, "2008": 1507.0, "2009": 1367.0, "2010": 1278.0, "2011": 1232.0, "2012": 1196.0, "2013": 1129.0, "2014": 1071.0, "2015": 1083.0, "2016": 1032.0, "2017": 981.0, "2018": 927.0, "2019": 876.0, "2020": 890.0, "2021": 831.0, "2022": 742.0, "2023": 678.0 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "CDC dataset from TTB taxable removals over the Census 18+ population. Splices the USDA/ERS series at a methodology change: removals are not tax-paid consumption; comparability caveat on every use.", "splices_from": "us-cigarettes-per-capita", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-ethanol-per-capita", "label": "Apparent per capita ethanol consumption, all beverages, 1934-2023", "source": "niaaa-surveillance-122", "tier": "A", "unit": "gallons of pure ethanol per person per year", "population": "U.S. population ages 15 and older before 1970; ages 14 and older from 1970 onward", "values": { "1934": 0.97, "1935": 1.2, "1936": 1.5, "1937": 1.59, "1938": 1.47, "1939": 1.51, "1940": 1.56, "1941": 1.7, "1942": 1.97, "1943": 1.83, "1944": 2.07, "1945": 2.25, "1946": 2.3, "1947": 2.03, "1948": 1.97, "1949": 1.98, "1950": 2.04, "1951": 2.01, "1952": 1.98, "1953": 2.01, "1954": 1.96, "1955": 2.0, "1956": 2.03, "1957": 1.99, "1958": 1.98, "1959": 2.06, "1960": 2.07, "1961": 2.06, "1962": 2.11, "1963": 2.15, "1964": 2.23, "1965": 2.27, "1966": 2.32, "1967": 2.37, "1968": 2.45, "1969": 2.51, "1970": 2.52, "1971": 2.58, "1972": 2.54, "1973": 2.6, "1974": 2.65, "1975": 2.67, "1976": 2.66, "1977": 2.6, "1978": 2.66, "1979": 2.7, "1980": 2.75, "1981": 2.76, "1982": 2.72, "1983": 2.69, "1984": 2.65, "1985": 2.62, "1986": 2.58, "1987": 2.55, "1988": 2.49, "1989": 2.43, "1990": 2.45, "1991": 2.3, "1992": 2.3, "1993": 2.23, "1994": 2.18, "1995": 2.15, "1996": 2.16, "1997": 2.15, "1998": 2.15, "1999": 2.17, "2000": 2.19, "2001": 2.18, "2002": 2.2, "2003": 2.22, "2004": 2.23, "2005": 2.25, "2006": 2.28, "2007": 2.31, "2008": 2.31, "2009": 2.29, "2010": 2.26, "2011": 2.29, "2012": 2.34, "2013": 2.33, "2014": 2.32, "2015": 2.33, "2016": 2.35, "2017": 2.35, "2018": 2.36, "2019": 2.38, "2020": 2.44, "2021": 2.54, "2022": 2.51, "2023": 2.48 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Table 1, all-beverages column. Apparent consumption: derived from legal beverage sales and shipments, so it measures what the state could count, not what was drunk. The series begins at 1934 because the table prints '(Prohibition)' and no values for 1920-1933 — the gap is the exhibit and is not interpolated. Pre-1934 figures are published as multi-year ranges rather than single years and so cannot enter a year-keyed series; they are carried as decade facts instead. The population basis changes at 1970 (15+ before, 14+ from). The table's own note records that data prior to 1977 are from Hyman et al. 1980.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-smoking-prevalence", "label": "Adult cigarette smoking prevalence (NHIS current smokers), 1965-2014", "source": "cdc-trends-cig-smoking", "tier": "A", "unit": "% of adults (18+) who are current cigarette smokers", "population": "U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized adults 18+ (NHIS household interviews)", "values": { "1965": 42.4, "1970": 37.4, "1974": 37.1, "1978": 34.1, "1980": 33.2, "1983": 32.1, "1985": 30.1, "1987": 28.8, "1990": 25.5, "1993": 25.0, "1995": 24.7, "1997": 24.7, "1999": 23.5, "2001": 22.8, "2002": 22.5, "2003": 21.6, "2004": 20.9, "2005": 20.9, "2006": 20.8, "2007": 19.8, "2008": 20.6, "2009": 20.6, "2010": 19.3, "2011": 19.0, "2012": 18.1, "2013": 17.8, "2014": 16.8 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "CDC/NCHS trends table, Adults column, survey years only (sparse: absent years are gaps, never zeros). Definition: >=100 lifetime cigarettes and currently smoking (the some-days condition was added in 1992 per the Surgeon General's 2014 report, Table 12.2 note, on file in samples/). 2006 reads 20.8 here vs 20.6 in the ALA compilation of the same survey. 2015+ omitted pending final published values.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-teen-birth-rate", "label": "Births per 1,000 women aged 15-19, selected years 1950-2018", "source": "nchs-hus-2019-table1", "tier": "A", "unit": "live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19", "population": "All women aged 15-19 in the United States, all races and origins — a rate over every woman in the age band, not over those who were sexually active", "values": { "1950": 81.6, "1960": 89.1, "1970": 68.3, "1980": 53.0, "1990": 59.9, "1995": 56.0, "2000": 47.7, "2005": 39.7, "2010": 34.2, "2014": 24.2, "2015": 22.3, "2016": 20.3, "2017": 18.8, "2018": 17.4 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Table Brth, All-races block, the 15-19 'Total' column (the table also prints 15-17 and 18-19 sub-columns beside it). Sparse by construction: NCHS publishes selected years, not every year, and the gaps between printed rows are not interpolated. The series starts at 1950 because that is where the published table starts.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-traffic-death-rate", "label": "Motor-vehicle traffic deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled, 1900-2023", "source": "fhwa-fi200-2023", "tier": "A", "unit": "deaths per 100 million vehicle-miles travelled", "population": "All persons killed in motor-vehicle traffic crashes on US public roads, against total vehicle-miles travelled — not drivers only and not occupants only", "values": { "1900": 36.0, "1901": 31.76, "1902": 25.48, "1903": 25.43, "1904": 22.93, "1905": 25.98, "1906": 27.26, "1907": 40.35, "1908": 40.59, "1909": 45.33, "1910": 44.66, "1911": 40.54, "1912": 40.16, "1913": 39.8, "1914": 31.78, "1915": 34.71, "1916": 30.03, "1917": 31.39, "1918": 28.1, "1919": 24.7, "1920": 25.54, "1921": 24.08, "1922": 21.95, "1923": 21.02, "1924": 17.55, "1925": 16.98, "1926": 15.77, "1927": 15.44, "1928": 15.36, "1929": 14.97, "1930": 15.12, "1931": 14.79, "1932": 13.95, "1933": 14.83, "1934": 15.88, "1935": 15.09, "1936": 14.33, "1937": 14.0, "1938": 11.46, "1939": 10.83, "1940": 10.89, "1941": 11.43, "1942": 10.07, "1943": 10.92, "1944": 10.89, "1945": 10.71, "1946": 9.35, "1947": 8.41, "1948": 7.73, "1949": 7.13, "1950": 7.24, "1951": 7.19, "1952": 7.03, "1953": 6.65, "1954": 6.03, "1955": 6.06, "1956": 6.05, "1957": 5.73, "1958": 5.32, "1959": 5.17, "1960": 5.06, "1961": 4.92, "1962": 5.08, "1963": 5.18, "1964": 5.39, "1965": 5.3, "1966": 5.5, "1967": 5.35, "1968": 5.29, "1969": 5.18, "1970": 4.85, "1971": 4.57, "1972": 4.41, "1973": 4.2, "1974": 3.6, "1975": 3.43, "1976": 3.25, "1977": 3.26, "1978": 3.26, "1979": 3.34, "1980": 3.35, "1981": 3.17, "1982": 2.76, "1983": 2.58, "1984": 2.57, "1985": 2.47, "1986": 2.51, "1987": 2.41, "1988": 2.32, "1989": 2.17, "1990": 2.08, "1991": 1.91, "1992": 1.75, "1993": 1.75, "1994": 1.73, "1995": 1.73, "1996": 1.69, "1997": 1.65, "1998": 1.58, "1999": 1.55, "2000": 1.53, "2001": 1.51, "2002": 1.51, "2003": 1.48, "2004": 1.44, "2005": 1.46, "2006": 1.42, "2007": 1.35, "2008": 1.25, "2009": 1.15, "2010": 1.11, "2011": 1.1, "2012": 1.14, "2013": 1.1, "2014": 1.08, "2015": 1.15, "2016": 1.19, "2017": 1.17, "2018": 1.14, "2019": 1.11, "2020": 1.34, "2021": 1.38, "2022": 1.34, "2023": 1.26 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "Table FI-200, the 'per 100 million annual VMT' column, verified against the table's own fatality and VMT columns for every year. FHWA footnote (3) records a definitional change: beginning in 1976 the count includes only people who died within 30 days of the crash, so the pre- and post-1976 halves are not the same measurement and the earlier years are counted on a wider window. Not corrected for.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "us-workplace-death-rate", "label": "Fatal work injuries per 100,000 full-time-equivalent workers, 2006-2024", "source": "bls-cfoi-hours-based-rates", "tier": "A", "unit": "fatal work injuries per 100,000 full-time-equivalent workers", "population": "All US workers, employed and self-employed, measured against total hours worked from the Current Population Survey", "values": { "2006": 4.2, "2007": 4.0, "2008": 3.7, "2009": 3.5, "2010": 3.6, "2011": 3.5, "2012": 3.4, "2013": 3.3, "2014": 3.4, "2015": 3.4, "2016": 3.6, "2017": 3.5, "2018": 3.5, "2019": 3.5, "2020": 3.4, "2021": 3.6, "2022": 3.7, "2023": 3.5, "2024": 3.3 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "The whole series, because the whole series is this short. The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries has covered all 50 states and DC only since 1992 — before that the United States kept no federal census of people killed at work — and BLS changed the rate's basis in 2006 from employment to hours worked, so figures before 2006 measure something else and are not chained on. Rate = (fatal work injuries / total hours worked) x 200,000,000, the base for 100,000 full-time equivalents at 40 hours a week for 50 weeks.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null }, { "id": "weekly-earnings-manufacturing", "label": "Average weekly earnings, manufacturing production/nonsupervisory", "source": "fred-ces-manuf-weekly-earnings", "tier": "A", "unit": "USD per week, nominal (annual mean of 12 monthly values)", "population": "Production and nonsupervisory employees in manufacturing", "values": { "1939": 18.6525, "1940": 20.14, "1941": 24.685, "1942": 31.945, "1943": 38.6925, "1944": 41.3583, "1945": 39.0875, "1946": 38.2183, "1947": 44.2108, "1948": 48.3667, "1949": 49.1075, "1950": 53.3317, "1951": 58.8975, "1952": 62.2467, "1953": 66.1992, "1954": 66.115, "1955": 70.9817, "1956": 74.4517, "1957": 77.0175, "1958": 77.9567, "1959": 83.7108, "1960": 85.3467, "1961": 87.6508, "1962": 91.8717, "1963": 94.9675, "1964": 98.1175, "1965": 102.74, "1966": 107.5083, "1967": 109.8025, "1968": 117.66, "1969": 124.7925, "1970": 128.8158, "1971": 137.625, "1972": 149.885, "1973": 161.4408, "1974": 172.4775, "1975": 185.4292, "1976": 204.415, "1977": 223.84, "1978": 244.0992, "1979": 263.955, "1980": 283.83, "1981": 313.32, "1982": 325.8267, "1983": 348.365, "1984": 367.6775, "1985": 380.7267, "1986": 390.2442, "1987": 400.1642, "1988": 412.335, "1989": 423.5075, "1990": 436.1892, "1991": 449.4575, "1992": 465.0375, "1993": 481.325, "1994": 501.0925, "1995": 509.3208, "1996": 525.9825, "1997": 547.8167, "1998": 557.6542, "1999": 573.0833, "2000": 590.07, "2001": 595.5075, "2002": 618.5192, "2003": 635.7542, "2004": 658.3625, "2005": 672.3533, "2006": 691.1725, "2007": 711.3008, "2008": 724.03, "2009": 726.9808, "2010": 765.1867, "2011": 783.5175, "2012": 793.67, "2013": 806.5667, "2014": 820.9225, "2015": 832.2767, "2016": 855.7558, "2017": 875.5717, "2018": 906.4167, "2019": 920.1075, "2020": 928.53, "2021": 986.6525, "2022": 1028.9242, "2023": 1072.215, "2024": 1130.3933 }, "values_minor": {}, "currency": "", "notes": "BLS CES series CES3000000030 (Average Weekly Earnings of Production and Nonsupervisory Employees, Manufacturing), monthly, annualized as the mean of 12 months. Weekly x 52 gives annual earnings without smuggling in a weekly-hours assumption.", "splices_from": "", "measure": null } ] }